Scientific  and  Medical 
Books  and  Minerals. 

A.  E.  FOOTE,  M.  D., 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 


ITMENT  OF 
DEPAI  V.3..  ?LTT\.. 

5  51 . 1  ^  ^ 


fiEOLOfil  LIBRARY  <3  Uinois. 

University  of  Ii  iibraryRoom. 


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11 


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Sect  ion  12. 


From  a  point  •  3M.S. 2*W.  of  Cettyse 

T<  0  ILLUSTRATE  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS  IN  T 


SURC  S.66°E.  TO  A  POINT  I 

HE  YORK  AND  ADAMS  DISTRICT  FOR  1875. 


M.  N.ir  E.  of 


Littlest 


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:K,  ADAMS  AND  FRANKLIN  COUNTIES  IN  1875. 


Pcrsifor  Frazer, Jr.  Asst.  A .  E.  Leh  man,  A  id. 


LEVEL 

sW. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2019  with  funding  from 

University  of  Illinois  Urbana-Champaign  Alternates 


https://archive.org/details/reportofprogress02fraz 


C.  1875 


The  supposed  line  of  outcrop  of  the  two  trap  dykes  was  calculated 

FROM  THE  RECORDS  OF  BORE  HOLES  NO'S  1,3  AND  THIS  LINE  WAS  AFTER¬ 
WARDS  DRAWN  AS  MODIFIED  BY  THE  TOPOCRAPHY  IN  DOTTED  LINES. 

An  UPPER  DYKE.OF  WHICH  THE  EXISTENCE  IS  PRESUMED  FROM  THE  OBSER¬ 
VATIONS  in  Locan  s  Shaft,  is  drawn  parallel  to  the  lowermost. althouch 

ITS  EXTENSION  IN  BOTH  DIRECTIONS  FROM  THE  ABOVE  SHAFT  IS  PURELY 
SUPPOSITITIOUS 

A  THIRD  DYKE  OCCURS  IN  KlNC'S  M INE  ABOUT  WHICH  LITTLE  IS  KNOWN 


AS  YET,  EXCEPT  THAT  IT  APPEARS  IjBl  DIPPING  =  o.t. 

The  parallel  dotted  lines  indicate  the  projections  on  the  surface 

OF  THE  VARIOUS  SLOPES. 


J.L.G  ROVE 


Geolocical  Survey  of  Pa. 

Map  of  the  Group  of 

IRON  ORE  MINES 

I  MILE  E.  of.  DILLSBURG. 

Persifor  Frazer  Jr.  Assistant 
A. E. Lehman  Aid 

Drawn  By  A  E.l _ 

Scale  or  r ee t 

.Tr„  v  ""  ,1. 

18  7  5 

The  figures  on  the  lines  indicate  the 
height  above  high  tide  at  Philadelphia. 
Contours  every  5  feet.  O.W.  Old  Workings. 


. 


.....  ■  ;  •  | 


:■  :: 


■ 


General  Ma 


O  F  THE 

WORK  DONE  BY  THE  Pi 

York  &  Adams  Coi 

DURINCTHE  SEASON  C 

Surveyed  &  Construe 

ByA.E.  Lehman,  Aid. 


p  Second  CeolocicalSurvey  of  Pa.  J. 


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3 


Key  List  of  Ore  Banks 

UQ  / V ;  ft.  Srn  f  th 

120  LicAte 

121  Mine  JBcutk 

122  Logan  ‘s 

153  McCormick  fyCo's.  long  cut  (Mu  rape 

12  3  a . .  of  n<j 

124  UTuierwoorf's  Slope 

124  a  ..  ..  7teu>  opening 


'A  B  TOP 


127  icing’s 

128  JCz3‘cr  Belt's 

129  Grove's 

130  Fi'ice's 

131  duller  ti 

132  Gov.  Porter ’s  Bank  on  Yellow Breeches 

133  Shelley's 

134  Jacob  He  ikes 
131  Filler's 

136  Berghart 

137  A.Uezges 

138  Abraham  Hoi  gee 
159  Geo.Heiges 

140  John  Lem  m  er 

14 1  John Jfuntz Limestom  (hr any 


142 

„  ,,  Fctint Mine 

143 

F.  A .  Meyer  s 

144 

JS l  taker 'e 

•  sville 

145 

JCimjnel's 

146 

Cooper 

@ 

147 

M orgen  tha  ler 

148 

kVi  ley's 

149 

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vdoxuit^sRoyal 

150 

Griesti  clay 

YS.  fH 

151 

Harman.'  3 

152 

Gerber 

y  \ 

153 

Altland's  exploitation  pits 

y  \a. 

154 

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154  a  Crtdtualadei  •  # 

155  Alarshatte 

Dove  r 

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156  S  l  ulhou'er 
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158  J.  T.  Sm  itli 

159  Med  ter  If  Saylor 

100  Thomas  Iron  Co.  f/olly  Bank 
161  Widotv  Brush's 

102  Albert  Hunk  { ncurWhitoftlou/n) 

163  Centre-Mill* 

16 4  Tine  Grove  Ora  Ih/nJc o 

164  u  ,,  L  i me sto no  Quarries 

Z6.5  Wolfs  Ora 

166  Good's 

76  7  Tone!  lic/n  k 

168  Fetor  Comfort 

169  Ad  urn  Minler 

170  Mont  Alt  o  Mutes 

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771  Martin.  Btxrhehuv  QBoppr 
17  2  Benner's  Hill 
173  Will  cam's 


pproximatelv 


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Ir 


PinJc  yucLrtxite . 


Section  II.  From  a  point  21  M.  N.20°E  of  Caledonia  Fu 

TO  ILLUSTRATE  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS  INI  VOF 


RNACE  S.  38°  30  ’  E.  TO  A  POINT  2 

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TO  ILLUSTRATE  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS  IN  '  i'ORK,  ADAMS  AND  FRANKLIN  COUNTIES  IN  1875. 


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SECOjSD  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 

18  7  5. 


REPORT  OP  PROGRESS 

IN  THE 

COUNTIES 

OP 

York,  Adams,  Cumberland,  and  Franklin. 

ILLUSTRATED 

BY  MAPS  AND  CROSS-SECTIONS  SHOWING 

THE  MAGNETIC  and  MICACEOUS  ORE  BELT 

NEAR  THE  WESTERN  EDGE  OF  THE 

MESOZOIC  SANDSTONE 

AND  THE  TWO  AZOIC  SYSTEMS  CONSTITUTING  THE  MASS  OP  THE 

SOUTH  MOUNTAINS. 

WITH  A  PRELIMINARY  DISCUSSION  ON  THE  DILLSBURG  ORE  BED,  AND 
A  CATALOGUE  OP  SPECIMENS  COLLECTED  IN  1875. 

BY 

PERSIFOR  FRAZER,  Jr. 


HARRISBURG: 

PUBLISHED  BY  THE  BOARD  OP  COMMISSIONERS 
FOR  THE  SECOND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

1  87  7. 


Entered,  for  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania,  in  the  year  1876,  according 

to  acts  of  Congress, 

By  JOHN  B.  PEARSE, 

Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Geological  Survey , 

In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at 

WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 


LANE  S.  HART, 
State  Printer  and  Binder, 
1878. 


BOARD  OF  COMMISSIONERS. 


- BOB - 

His  Excellency,  JOHN  F.  HARTRANFT,  Governor , 


and  ex-officio  President  of  the  Board,  Harrisburg. 


Amo  Pardee,  - 
William  A.  Ingham, 
Henry  S.  Eckert,  - 
Henry  McCormick,  - 
James  Macfarlane,- 
John  B.  Pearse, 

Robert  V.  Wilson,  M.  D., 
Hon.  Daniel  J.  Morrell, 
Henry  W.  Oliver,  - 
Samuel  Q.  Brown,  - 


Hazleton. 

Philadelphia. 

Reading. 

Harrisburg. 

Towanda. 

Philadelphia. 

Clearfield. 

Johnstown. 

Pittsburg. 

Pleasantville. 


SECRETARY  OF  THE  BOARD. 

John  B.  Pearse, . Philadelphia 


STATE  GEOLOGIST. 

Peter  Lesley, . Philadelphia. 


ASSISTANT  GEOLOGISTS. 


Persifor  Frazer,  Jr. — Geologist  in  charge  of  the  Survey  of  York,  Adams, 
Franklin  and  Cumberland. 

A.  E.  Lehman — Topographical  Assistant. 

Frederick  Prime,  Jr. — Geologist  in  charge  of  the  Survey  of  Lehigh, 
Northampton,  Berks  and  Lebanon. 

A.  P.  Berlin — Topographical  Assistant. 

John  H.  Dewees — Geologist  in  charge  of  the  Survey  of  the  Fossil  Ore 
belts  of  the  Juniata  country. 

Franklin  Platt — Geologist  in  charge  of  the  Survey  of  Clearfield,  Jeffer¬ 
son,  Cambria,  Somerset,  Armstrong,  Blair,  Ac.,  Ac. 

W.  G.  Platt — Geological  Assistant  in  Cambria,  Somerset  and  Indiana. 

R.  H.  Sanders — Topographical  Assistant  in  Blair  and  Somerset. 

J.  J.  Stevenson — Geologist  in  charge  of  the  Survey  of  Greene,  Washing¬ 
ton,  Fayette  and  Westmoreland. 

I.  C.  White — In  charge  of  the  Survey  of  Beaver,  Lawrence,  Mercer,  Ac. 

J.  F.  Carll — Geologist  in  charge  of  the  Survey  of  the  Oil  Regions. 

H.  M.  Chance — Geological  Assistant  for  the  Survey  of  the  Water  Gaps,  and 
in  Butler,  Beaver,  Mercer,  Ac.,  Ac. 

C.  A.  Ashburner — Geological  Assistant  in  Mifilin  and  Blair,  and  in  charge 
of  the  Sujrvey  of  M’Kean,  Elk,  Forest,  Ac 

C.  E.  Billin — Topographical  Assistant  in  Mifflin  and  Blair,  and  in  charge  of 
the  Survey  of  the  Huntingdon  Valley  and  Seven  Mountains. 

Andrew  Sherwood— Geologist  in  charge  of  the  Survey  of  Bradford,  Tioga, 
Potter,  Lycoming,  Ac. 

F.  A.  Genth — Chemist  and  Mineralogist  at  Philadelphia. 

A.  S.  M’Creath — Chemist,  in  charge  of  the  Laboratory  of  the  Survey,  223 
Market  street,  Harrisburg. 

C.  E.  Hall,  Fossil  Zoologist,  in  charge  of  the  Collections  for  the  Museum. 

Leo  Lesquereux — Fossil  Botanist,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

E.  B.  Harden — In  charge  of  Illustrations  for  the  Reports,  1008  Clinton 
street,  Philadelphia. 

Charles  Allen — In  charge  of  the  Collection  of  Records  of  Railroad  and 
other  Levels,  Harrisburg. 

F.  W.  Forman — Clerk  in  charge  of  the  Distribution  of  Reports  from  the 
rooms  of  the  Board,  223  Market  street,  Harrisburg. 


REPORT  OF  PROGRESS 


IN 

YORK,  ADAMS  AND  FRANKLIN  COUNTIES. 

1875. 


BY  PERSIFOR  FRAZER,  JR.,  ASSISTANT  GEOLOGIST. 


CHAPTER  VI  * 

Examination  of  Properties  South  of  Littlestown ,  near  the  Mary¬ 
land  Line. 

A  number  of  trial  shafts  have  been  sunk  on  G.  Kunkle’s  prop¬ 
erty,  about  3  miles  south  of  Littlestown.  Some  specimens 
showed  the  presence  of  brown  iron  oxide,  but  nowhere  among 
the'debris  were  there  indications. leading  to  a  belief  in  any  large 
quantity  of  ore.  Two  or  three  tons  of  black  magnetic  dirt  are 
said  to  have  been  thrown  up  and  carted  away  on  the  farm  of 
Mr.  Ephraim  Myers. 

On  G.  Baer’s  farm,  half  a  mile  from  the  Maryland  line,  there 
is  seen  an  opening  out  of  which  has  been  taken  a  mass  of  ferru¬ 
ginous,  or  iron-stained,  chlorite  slates,  resembling,  to  some  ex¬ 
tent,  the  Codorus  ore,  but  poor  in  iron  in  the  specimens  ob¬ 
served. 

In  the  adjoining  farm  of  Mr.  Willet  is  a  small  opening  out  of 
which  has  been  taken  a  quantity  of  hard,  compact  chlorite  rock 
similar  to  that  of  which  an  analysis  is  given  on  p.  106  of  Re¬ 
port  of  Progress  for  1874. 

This  rock  is  also  said  to  contain  a  “native  steel,”  but  this  state¬ 
ment  is  probably  made  for  “native  steel  ore,”  since  neither  of 
the  rival  definitions  of  steel  could  be  made  to  apply  to  the  sub¬ 
stance  in  question. 

In  a  cut  near  Baer’s  farm  this  compact  chlorite  is  seen  to  be  dip¬ 
ping  S.  10°  W. — 89°. 

*  Continuation  of  Chapter  I  of  1874. 


14— C. 


[C.  201] 


202  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

In  a  cut  20  feet  long  on  the  property  the  following  strata  are 
recognized : 

Thickness. 


Compact  chlorite  slate .  5  feet. 

Overlain  by : 

Soft  decomposed  mass,  stained  red  on  weathered  sur¬ 
faces .  5  feet. 

Fine-grained  green  chlorite  rock,  intersected  with 

quartz .  5  feet. 

Soft  decomposed  talcose  and  hydro-mica  slate .  5  feet. 

Quartzite  (at  heading) .  ? 


All  these  chlorite  rocke  are  rich  in  pyrite,  and  the  slates  in 
contact  with  them  exhibit  cast  pseudomorphs  of  the  crystals  ; 
but  occasional  streaks  in  the  former  rocks  are  much  richer  in  py¬ 
rite  than  adjoining  portions  and  as  a  general  rule  thin  streaks 
are  at  or  near  lines  of  contact  between  the  dark  green  chlorite 
slates  and  rocks  of  different  constitution.  This  would  appear  to 
be  an  indication  of  a  change  of  condition  in  the  waters,  culmi¬ 
nating  in  the  formation  of  pyrite,  as  that  mineral  is  sometimes 
now  found  in  swamps  and  bogs. 

There  seems  every  probability  that  in  many  cases  at  least  the 
origin  of  the  casts  of  pyrite  was  in  the  covering  the  exposed 
angles  of  already  formed  crystals  by  the  mud  from  which 
the  slates  were  formed,  and  their  subsequent  retention  of  the 
impression  when  hardened.  If  this  view  be  correct,  there  must 
have  been  an  exceedingly  slow  growth  of  the  formations  in 
question,  which  allowed  the  pyrite  crystals  to  develop  to  con¬ 
siderable  size,  and  during  which  the  supply  of  iron  to  the  sedi¬ 
ment  must  have  greatly  decreased.  Another  oscillation  of  con¬ 
ditions  in  the  then  existing  ocean  not  less  important  in  the  gene¬ 
sis  of  these  rocks,  was  the  deposit  of  large  masses  of  quartzite 
among  them  in  thin  layers. 

It  has  been  previously  stated  that  among  the  chlorite  slates 
of  the  region  south  of  Wrightsville  quartzite  was  occasionally 
found  to  intrude. 

Without  further  evidence  in  any  special  case,  it  will  be  impos¬ 
sible  to  assign  any  definite  age  to  a  quartzite  as  such.  There 
seem  to  be  several  horizons  in  these  rocks,  at  which  quartzite 
beds  of  greater  or  less  extent  occur.  A  very  thick  bed  under¬ 
lies  the  slates  and  schists  of  the  Wrightsville  section,  (Chicque’s 


C.  203 


EXAMINATION  OF  PROPERTIES,  &C. 

rock,  etc.,)  and  massive  series  are  found  intercalated  with  schist 
and  orthofelsite  in  various  localities  of  the  South  mountain. 


The  following  is  an  analysis  by  Mr.  David  M’Creath  of  two 
limonite  ores  obtained  from  localities  described  on  pp.  37  and  39 
of  the  report  for  1874: 


Mickley’s  Bank. 


Iron  sesqui-oxide _ 

....  74.285 

Metallic  iron . 

52.00  pr  ct. 

Alumina . 

Manganese  sesqui-oxide,  3.900 

Met.  manganese. . 

2.716  pr  ct. 

Lime . . 

. ...  0.340 

Magnesia . 

Sulphuric  acid . 

....  0.211 

Sulphur . 

0.084  pr  ct. 

Phosphoric  acid . 

....  0.948 

Phosphorus . 

0.414  pr  ct. 

Water . 

, ...  12.140 

Insoluble  residue . . . . 

...  5.740 

Sum . 

....  99.386 

Loss . 

Total . 

...  100.000 

Bauman’s  Bank. 

Iron  sesqui-oxide _ 

...  65.000 

Metallic  iron . 

45.50  pr  ct. 

Alumina . 

...  2.355 

Manganese  sesqui-oxide,  1 .7 12 

Met.  manganese.. 

1 . 192  pr  ct. 

Lime . 

...  0.390 

Magnesia . 

Sulphuric  acid . 

...  0.105 

Sulphur . 

0.042  pr  ct. 

Phosphoric  acid . 

...  3.295 

Phosphorus . 

1.439  pr  ct. 

Water . 

...  11.790 

Insoluble  residue . 

Sum . 

...  99.883 

Loss . 

Total . 

...  100.000 

Note. — These  ores  are  from  York  county  and  on  the  Hanover 
range.  Mickley’s  was  taken  from  the  bank  about  one  mile  north¬ 
east  of  Smith’s  station.  Bauman’s  ore  was  obtained  from  a  mine 
immediately  alongside  York  Road  station. 


\ 


The  clay  formed  by  the  decomposition  of  the  layers  of  slate 
is  utilized  for  brick  making  in  Mr.  Barnetz’s  brickyard,  about 
one  mile  from  Hanover,  on  the  line  of  the  Hanover  and  Gettys- 


204  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

burg  railroad.  About  3,000  to  4,000  bricks  are  made  by  hand  per 
day.  The  clay  is  mixed  with  the  red  sand  from  the  Mesozoic  beds. 
About  100,000  bricks  are  averaged  to  the  kilns,  and  and  two  or 
three  kilns  are  burnt  in  a  season.  The  average  market  price  is 
$8  00  to  $10  00  per  thousand. 

The  limestones  near  Hanover  were  made  the  subject  of  a  sec¬ 
ond  investigation. 

One  in  a  quarry  about  two  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Havover,  dips 
S.  30°  E. — 24°.  The  color  of  this  limestone  is  dark  blue,  streaked 
in  all  directions  with  calcite. 

A  dark  slaty  blue  limestone  (Roberts*  farm?)  with  numer¬ 
ous  calcite  streaks  occurs  in  a  field  near  the  New  Oxford  road, 
about  1  mile  from  Hanover,  dips  S.  20°  E. — 28°.  It  occurs  in 
flags  of  about  H  inches  in  thickness. 


GENERAL  SCOPE  OP  OPERATIONS. 


0.  205 


CHAPTER  VII. 

General  Scope  of  the  Operations  of  the  Party  of  York  and 
Adams  during  the  Season  of  1875. 

The  operations  of  the  party  of  the  district  of  York  and  Adams 
counties  for  the  season  of  1875  were  mainly  directed  to  a  belt  of 
country  covering  the  contact  of  the  South  Mountain  Rocks  and 
the  Mesozoic  Sandstones  on  its  south-east  slopes.  In  a  few  in¬ 
stances  lines  of  section  were  projected  through  the  entire  range 
of  the  South  mountain  to  the  limestone  of  the  Cumberland  Val¬ 
ley,  but  it  was  not  attempted  to  include  in  the  report  the  entire 
topography  of  the  range  from  Dillsburg  to  the  Maryland  line. 
This  is  a  work  of  great  magnitude  and  difficulty,  and  a  long  time 
will  be  required  to  accomplish  it. 

Besides  this,  lines  were  run  from  York  to  Dillsburg,  (along 
with  an  independent  line  of  levels  over  the  same  route,)  and 
from  Littlestown  through  Gettysburg  to  Graffenburg,  in  the  South 
mountain,  thus  connecting  the  work  of  the  two  seasons  at  both 
extremities,  and  providing  a  basis  on  which  to  construct  topo¬ 
graphical  maps  of  these  and  adjoining  counties. 

A  contoured  map  of  156  square  miles,  about  the  Stevens  prop¬ 
erty,  on  the  Gettysburg- Chambersburg  pike,  is  expected  to  ac¬ 
company  next  year’s  report. 

The  line  from  York  to  Dillsburg  is  intended,  so  far  as  possible, 
to  present  the  different  features  of  the  various  layers  of  the 
Mesozoic  Sandstone  in  the  manner  of  a  section,  though  from  the 
fact  that  the  direction  of  the  inclination  of  the  strata  differs 
from  the  direction  of  the  line  in  some  places,  special  methods 
were  required  in  order  to  meet  the  difficulty.  In  the  case 
of  the  line  carried  from  Gettysburg  through  the  South 
mountain,  along  the  Chambersburg  turnpike,  to  Greenwood,  it 
would  have  been  very  interesting  to  note  on  the  same  section 


206  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 


line  the  different  attitudes  of  the  different  formations  by  pro¬ 
jecting  the  sections  of  their  strata  on  the  same  vertical  plane, 
but  the  difference  of  direction  of  dip  is  so  material  between  the 
upper  layers  of  the  Mesozoic  and  the  eastern  outcrops  of  the 
South  mountain  rocks  that  to  prolong  the  line  through  the  moun¬ 
tain  successive  offsets,  of  a  couple  of  miles  each,  in  the  direc¬ 
tion  of  the  prevailing  dip,  were  drawn  across  the  line  of  the 
turnpike.  Thus  the  single  section  line  was  broken  up  into 
several  portions  each  of  which  was  carried  down  bodily  to  the 
south,  so  that  its  middle  point  corresponded  with  its  intersection 
with  the  turnpike,  thus  forming  a  series  of  lines  in  echelon. 
But  the  great  difficulty  which  was  experienced  in  constructing 
the  structure  of  the  South  mountain  lay  in  the  rarity  of  rock 
in  place  in  accessible  portions  of  the  chain. 

The  region  traversed  by  the  Chambersburg  turnpike  is  excep¬ 
tionally  poor  in  reliable  exposures,  though  owing  to  the  breadth 
of  the  chain  at  this  point,  (some  nine  miles,)  and  the  existence 
of  a  rough  sketch  map  containing  studies  of  the  vicinity  made 
by  Prof.  Lesley  some  few  years  ago,  it  was  selected  as  the  most 
favorable  spot  to  make  the  beginning  of  the  final  contoured  maj 
of  the  South  Mountain  chain,  south  of  the  Susquehanna  river. 


THE  DILLSBURG  GROUP  OF  MINES. 


C.  207 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

The  Dillsburg  Group  of  Mines . 

The  first  mines  to  be  described  are  those  in  the  vicinity  of 
Dillsburg,  and  about  two  miles  from  the  boundary  of  the  South 
Mountain  series,  and  within  the  Mesozoic  formation. 

About  three-fourths  of  a  mile  due  east  of  Dillsburg  occurs  a 
group  of  iron  mines  which  for  some  time  past  have  claimed  the 
attention  of  iron  masters  on  account  of  the  richness  of  the  ore 
which  they  furnish.  This  ore  will  be  elsewhere  especially  ad¬ 
verted  to.  It  is  essentially  of  the  same  kind  in  a  large  number 
of  ore  banks  in  this  vicinity,  and  is  generally  known  as  the 
u  Dillsburg  Ore.”  The  first  and  largest  of  these  banks  to  be  de¬ 
scribed,  is  known  as — 

The  Underwood  Mine. 

This  is  represented  on  the  map  as  the  mouth  of  a  slope. 

The  Underwood  Mine  (XIII,  5,  No.  124)  was  formerly  known 
as  the  Mumper  mine,  and  was  opened  27  to  28  }7ears  ago. 
Since  1868  it  has  been  the  property  of  Mr.  Alexander  Under¬ 
wood,  of  Mechanicsburg,  who  first  leased  it  for  eighteen  months 
to  the  Wrightsville  Iron  Company,  and  since  the  expiration  of 
this  lease  has  wrought  it  himself. 

The  mine  is  operated  through  a  slope  which  enters  the  sur¬ 
face  in  conformity  with  the  strata  of  the  Mesozoic  series,  and 
sinks  due  north  at  an  angle  of  28°  for  290  feet.  Ore  was  not 
followed,  however,  from  the  surface,  but  a  slope  was  followed 
till  it  reached  a  depth  of  26  feet,  when  a  body  of  eighteen  feet  of 
ore  was  found  which  dips  more  steeply  as  it  sinks  to  the  north. 
Eight  drifts  have  been  driven  east  and  west  of  the  slope  at  dif- 
erent  levels.  The  average  length  of  these  drifts  is  70  feet.  The 
ore  is  blasted  out  as  solid  rock.  The  general  dip  of  foot  and 
hanging  walls  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  slope.  The  foot  wall  is 


208  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

a  sandstone  intermixed  with  limestone.  The  hanging  wall  is  a 
trap.  The  distance  between  foot  and  hanging  walls  averages 
five  feet,  but  Mr.  Underwood  states  that  ore  has  been  found  in 
the  vein  from  6  to  30  feet  thick.  Each  drift  is  furnished  with  a 
railroad.  Three  shafts  have  been  sunk  to  connect  with  the  un¬ 
derground  workings.  The  vertical  depth  of  the  lowest  level  is 
140  feet,  according  to  the  statement  of  Mr.  Underwood.  (The 
angle  of  inclination  observed  near  the  surface  and  length  of 
slope  would  give  this  depth  as  98.12  feet). 

Forty  tons  of  ore  are  extracted  daily.  The  daily  average  of 
the  mine  for  the  last  two  years  is  30  tons. 

The  drifts  were  as  follows : 

The  first  at  120  feet  down  the  slope  from  the  engine  house, 
and  is  driven  horizontal  and  at  right  angles  in  both  directions 
from  the  same. 

The  second  drift  is  driven  in  the  same  manner  at  180  feet 
down  the  slope. 

The  third  is  driven  at  280  feet. 

The  first  level  is  100  feet  to  each  heading  from  slope,  and  at 
every  20  feet  intermediate  between  these  points  slopes  have  been 
commenced  parallel  to  the  main  slope. 

The  second  levels  were  90  feet  in  each  direction  from  the 
main  slopes,  and  the  parallel  slopes  were  4  in  each. 

In  the  lowest  level  the  eastern  gallery  is  110  feet  long,  and 
the  ore  on  the  side  of  the  main  slope,  and  between  this  and  the 
second  level,  has  been  taken  out.  The  western  gallery  of  the 
lowest  level  is  120  feet  long,  and  contained  six  slopes  upwards. 
The  ore  in  a  westwardly  direction  connects  with  the  fourth  slope 
in  the  second  level. 

The  sixth  slope  ends  on  the  line  of  the  second  level,  and  ten  feet 
west  of  the  heading.  The  fifth  continues  upwards  and  connects 
with  the  first  level. 

The  ore  is  shipped  from  Dillsburg  station  and  hauled  there  by 
teams  owned  by  private  parties,  at  a  contract  price  of  30  cents 
per  ton.  The  ore  is  used  at  the  Pennsylvania  Steel  Works,  the 
Lochiel  Iron  Works  and  the  Marshall  Furnace,  Newport,  Perry 
county. 

About  30  men  are  employed — 27  inside  and  3  or  4  outside. 
The  wages  to  miners  and  outside  laborers  are  $1  25  per  day  of 


THE  DILLSBURG  GROUP  OF  MINES. 


C.  209 


ten  hours.  The  engineer  obtains  $45  per  month  and  the  fore¬ 
man  $80  per  month.  The  engine  is  of  twelve  horse  power.  The 
fuel  is  anthracite  coal  and  is  consumed  at  the  rate  of  4J  tons  per 
month.  The  water  for  the  boiler  is  taken  from  the  mine,  and  is 
more  than  sufficient,  since  no  washing  of  the  ore  is  necessary. 

The  pump  shaft  is  240  feet  long,  and  the  pump  is  worked  about 
two-thirds  of  the  time.  The  property  contains  about  240  acres. 
This  pump  shaft  was  sunk  28  feet  to  ore  and  21  feet  through  ore, 
and  connects  with  the  main  slope,  and  also  stopes  wrought  east 
and  west  150  feet,  and  north  on  the  slope  100  feet.  The  ore  has 
recently  become  very  hard.  Perhaps  10,000  tons  have  been 
taken  out  of  the  slope  and  shaft.  Very  little  crystallized  mag¬ 
netite  occurs.  The  average  dip  of  the  foot  and  hanging  walls 
of  the  ore  and  of  the  trap  at  this  locality  is  N. — 28°. 

A  hearsay  statement  of  a  vertical  section  of  fifty  feet,  through 
the  strata  near  the  old  mine,  was  said  to  give : 

Feet. 

Soil .  14' 

Hard  blue  altered  rock .  12' 

Gray . ditto .  3' 

Ore .  21' 

Unknown. 

This  section  is  very  unreliable. 

Underwood' s  New  Opening.  (XVii,  No.  124  a .) 

A  little  over  200  feet  south  of  the  mouth  of  the  slope  are  two 
excavations  of  irregular  shape,  one  covering  10,000  and  the  other 
about  3,300  square  feet.  The  first  of  these  excavations  is  about 
fifteen  feet  deep,  and  contains  a  shaft  (the  “  derrick  shaft”)  which 
was  sunk  two  years  ago  about  twenty-five  feet  through  trap,  and 
twenty-eight  feet  below  this  through  ore,  the  latter  not  having 
been  penetrated.  (Note. — Another  statement  makes  this  twenty 
feet  of  trap  and  twenty  feet  of  ore.) 

From  the  base  of  this  shaft  is  a  level  east  and  west  110  feet 
in  ore,  and  a  slope  50  feet  long  dipping  gently  north.  About  six 
tons  of  ore  were  procured  daily  from  this  shaft.  Three  men 
were  employed,  and  the  machinery  is  operated  by  the  engine  of 
the  older  mine  (the  slope.)  The  cars  are  run  from  the  drifts  to 
the  bottom  of  the  shaft,  and  are  thence  lifted  on  the  hoisting 
truck. 


210  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

A  layer  of  limestone  was  passed  through.  The  dip  of  the 
strata  was  not  obtainable  with  certainty,  the  most  probable  data 
being  N.  10°,  E. — 40°. 

The  ore  from  this  shaft  needs  no  washing. 

The  excavation  in  which  the  lt  new  opening”  was  made  is  really 
the  first  one  in  the  region  in  which  ore  was  discovered. 

About  70  feet,  south  of  the  derrick  shaft  is  a  second  shaft  12 
feet  deep,  of  which  2  feet  were  said  by  Mr.  Letcher,  the  fore¬ 
man,  to  have  been  through  trap  and  10  feet  through  ore. 

From  the  bottom  of  this  shaft  a  slope  was  opened  through  ore 
to  the  derrick  shaft. 

About  100  feet  east  20°  north  of  the  derrick  shaft  a  new  shaft 
has  been  sunk,  of  which  the  record  is  similar  to  that  of  the  der¬ 
rick  shaft. 

From  the  north-east  angle  of  the  derrick  shaft  a  drift  has  been 
run  160  feet  north-east.  They  stoped  out  40  feet  of  ore  all  the 
way  along  this  drift.  From  the  north-west  corner  of  the  new 
shaft  another  drift  was  run  40  feet,  which  met  the  first  drift  at  that 
distance.  This  was  also  through  ore.  (The  above  statements  are 
from  Mr.  Letcher.) 

Twenty  feet  south  of  derrick  shaft  is  a  heading  about  west  60 
feet;  15  feet  north-west  from  the  new  shaft,  cross-headings  10 
feet  in  each  direction,  have  been  cut,  which  will  connect  with 
headings  from  the  other  drift. 

A  vertical  section  of  the  rocks  from  the  surface  gave 

Feet. 

Soil  and  gravel .  30' 

Ore  deposit .  Thickness  not  known  ?  ? 

This  is  a  statement  of  Mr.  U  nderwood,  and  refers  to  the  new 
openings. 

Another  large  excavation  immediately  south-west  of  the  last 
simply  exhausted  a  large  nest  of  surface  ore.  The  amount  taken 
out  is  said  to  have  been  probably  as  much  as  5,000  tons. 

300  feet  east  of  south  of  the  two  excavations  last  mentioned 
is  another  pit,  covering  about  3,500  square  feet,  also  made  by 
Mr.  Underwood.  It  was  a  small  opening  made  by  Abraham 
Mumper  in  1862.  It  had  caved  in,  and  no  data  were  obtainable 
from  it. 


THE  DILLSBURG  GROUP  OP  MINES. 


C.  211 


Logan's  Mine.*  (xvu,  8  No.  m). 

This  mine,  which  has  been  leased  by  Mr.  H.  M’Cormick 
&  Co.,  of  Harrisburg,  lies  500  feet  N.  of  E.  of  the  Un¬ 
derwood  slope.  It  was  opened  in  1874  by  Mr.  Logan,  of 
Dillsburg.  The  shaft  is  fifty  feet  deep,  and  is  cribbed  for 
most  of  the  distance.  The  direction  of  the  slope  at  the 
bottom  of  the  shaft  is  due  north  at  an  angle  of  about 
28°,  and  is  80  feet  long.  This  mine  is  wrought  by  day  and 
night  shifts  of  ten  hours.  At  present  the  average  yield  is  about 
25  tons  per  day.  The  ore  is  hauled  at  35  cents  per  ton  by  pri¬ 
vate  teams  to  Dillsburg,  a  distance  of  about  1J  miles,  4  to  6 
tons  constituting  a  load.  The  ore  is  used  by  Mr.  M’Cormick  in 
his  own  furnaces.  Twenty-one  men  are  employed — 2  engineers, 
14  miners,  and  5  outside  men.  Wages,  $1  10  to  $1  75  per  day  ; 
engineer,  $45  per  month;  foreman,  $75  per  month.  The  engine 
is  of  eight  horse  power,  and  the  fuel,  of  which  1  ton  per  day  is 
consumed,  is  anthracite. 

The  pump  shaft  is  53  feet  long,  and  the  pump  is  just  able  to 
keep  the  mine  free.  The  ore  is  of  the  same  general  character 
as  that  of  the  mines  just  considered.  It  costs  about  $2  per  ton 
to  mine.  The  east  drift  of  the  shaft  ran  into  Mr.  Smyser’s  land, 
who  gave  Mr.  McCormick  a  lease  for  ten  years  from  October  14, 
1873  @  $1  per  ton  royalty.  There  is  no  washing  machinery 
here.  The  pump  is  run  constantly  to  keep  the  water  down. 

A  vertical  section  of  the  strata  by  Thomas  Parfit,  gave  surface 
of  the  ground. 


Soil  and  gravel,  containing  some  boulders  of  trap . 28' 

Sand .  6' 

Ore . 20' 

Foot  rock .  2' 


About  2,400  feet  north  of  Logan’s  present  shaft,  and  in  a 
clump  of  woods,  a  trial  shaft  was  sunk  by  him.  No  accurate 
records  of  this  shaft  were  obtained,  further  than  the  information 
that  ore  was  procured  in  some  quantity.  The  vicinity  of  this 
opening  was  strewn  with  large  boulders  of  trap. 

The  cost  of  this  ore  delivered  in  Harrisburg  was  said  to  be 
in  the  summer  of  1875,  about  $3  95. 


*An  analysis  of  this  ore  will  be  found  on  p.  72  C,  of  the  report  of  1874. 


212  0.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

King’s  Mine,  (xxu,  58.  No.  127.) 

Is  situated  3,300  feet  E.  10°  S.  of  Underwood’s  slope,  and  on  the 
line  between  Ezra  Bell’s  and  Jno.  M’Clure’s  farms. 

A  shaft  was  sunk  32  feet  by  Mr.  King  in  the  spring  of  1876. 

The  record  of  this  shaft  is  as  follows : 


Soil  and  loose  fragments  of  trap . 6' 

Hard  traps .  17' 

Ore .  9' 


From  the  bottom  of  this  shaft  a  horizontal  heading  was  run 
E.  20  feet,  terminating  obliquely  against  a  wall  of  trap  to  the 
south,  and  enclosing  a  wedge-shaped  mass  of  ore  between  this 
wall  and  the  indurated  sandstones  to  the  north.  From  the  east¬ 
ern  extremity  of  this  heading  a  slope  was  cut  upwards  to  clay 
in  a  direction  S.  3°  W.  and  at  an  angle  of  22°  30'. 

From  this  point  a  drift  has  been  commenced  also  N.  5°  E.,  and 
at  present  extending  about  50  feet. 

At  about  20  feet  from  the  foot  of  the  slope  two  oblique  head¬ 
ings  have  been  commenced,  running  about  north-east  and  south¬ 
west.  At  this  point  a  dip  in  indurated  sandstone  gave  N.  40° 
W.— 23°. 

At  the  end  of  the  50  foot  gangway,  12  feet  of  ore  was  taken 
out,  but  its  limits  were  not  ascertained,  according  to  the  state¬ 
ment  of  Mr.  King. 

Note. — Since  the  early  spring  of  1876,  when  Mr.  Edwards  was 
detailed  to  get  all  the  information  in  regard  to  this  mine  and  to 
collect  samples  of  the  ore  for  analysis,  further  developments  have 
been  made  by  Mr.  King,  who  writes,  under  date  of  May  15, 
1876,  to  say  that  since  Mr.  Edwards’  visit  the  “quality  of  the 
ore  has  steadily  improved  as  we  attained  greater  depth,  the 
amount  of  pyrites  has  decreased  and  the  amounts  of  lime  and 
magnesia  increased,  and  the  vein  has  assumed  a  solid  appear¬ 
ance.  We  are  50  feet  further  on  the  dip  of  the  vein  and  have 
driven  40  to  50  feet  east  on  the  strike. 

On  the  22d  of  the  same  month  and  year,  Mr.  King  writes : 
“  None  of  the  old  mines  hereabouts  are  in  operation ;  conse¬ 
quently,  1  can  give  you  no  information  about  them.  We  are  now 
80  feet  through  ore  ( i .  e.,  in  the  King  Mine)  on  the  dip  of  the 
vein,  or  rather  we  have  30  feet  of  ore  in  direction  of  dip,  but 
having  little  or  no  dip,  and  50  feet  of  ore  with  about  20°  dip. 


THE  DILLSBURG  GROUP  OF  MINES. 


C.  213 


The  vein  is  9  feet  6  inches  thick,  arranged  as  follows,  viz:  18 
inches  of  ore  on  the  bottom,  then  12  inches  of  rock,  like  sand 
rock,  with  vertical  joints,  then  7  feet  of  ore.  The  top  and 
bottom  rocks  seem  to  be  light-colored  sand- rock.  We  drove 
50  feet  east  from  the  slope,  along  a  fault  with  slickensides, 
which  crosses  the  slope  at  an  angle  of  70°. 

“We  had  7  to  8  feet  of  ore  all  along  in  front  and  at  lower  side 
of  gangway. 

“  The  fault  rock  is  a  mixed  up,  broken  up  mixture  of  sandstone 
and  trap  rock,  and  running  immediately  behind  it  on  the  south¬ 
east  side  is  a  ridge  of  that  hard  dark  green  syenitic  (?)  rock 
found  in  this  region.  We  found  no  ore  till  we  got  to  the  north¬ 
west  side  of  the  fault,  and  it  is  considerably  disturbed  for  about 
20  feet  from  the  fault.  We  are  about  50  feet  from  the  surface  ver¬ 
tically.  We  are  driving  our  slope  N.  5°  E.,  but  the  dip  of  the 
vein  is  N.  10°  W.,  so  that  in  driving  west  we  will  have  to  swing 
round  to  the  south  considerably  in  order  to  keep  the  vein  and  al¬ 
low  the  water  to  run  off. 

“We  are  mining  about  25  tons  per  day  and  pump  water  at  .the 
rate  of  about  30  gallons  per  minute,  doing  all  the  work  with  three 
horses — that  is,  hoisting  and  pumping.” 

Three  hundred  feet  west  by  north  of  the  Underwood  slope  is 
an  excavation  about  twenty  feet  deep,  with  sides  partially  washed 
in.  The  soil  is  sandy,  and  stained  red  with  the  oxide  of  iron. 
It  was  opened  about  twenty  five  years  ago  by  Abraham  Mumper, 
but  no  record  of  the  mode  of  occurrence  of  the  ore  was  obtained, 
and  it  is  more  than  probable  that  all  of  it  was  wash  ore  from 
the  fragments  of  the  veins  in  that  vicinity.  At  200  feet  and  300 
feet  respectively,  north  of  this  excavation  a  couple  of  pits  are 
found  which  have  the  same  history  as  above,  but  are  partially 
filled  with  water. 

Two  hundred  feet  south-west  of  the  mouth  of  the  slope,  and 
100  feet  west  of  the  engine  house  are  two  pits  about  10  feet 
deep,  but  no  ore  was  visible. 

Old  Working. — Situated  a  little  over  200  feet  east  of  north  of 
the  slope’s  mouth  is  an  old  opening  of  Underwood’s,  said  to  have 
been  very  deep.  The  sides  show  sandy  or  gravelly  soil.  The 
best  information  at  present  obtainable  in  regard  to  this  ore  is  that 


214  C. 


P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

it  was  a  deposit  or  pocket  of  wash  ore  about  7  feet  thick.  It  is 
said  to  have  been  exhausted,  and  the  mine  has  been  abandoned. 

Old  Pit. — Situated  about  400  feet  east  of  south  of  the  mouth  of 
Underwood’s  slope.  Mr.  Underwood  states  that  the  ore  was  fol¬ 
lowed  from  the  surface  for  25  feet  on  the  slope  at  this  point,  though 
the  greater  portion  of  the  2,000  tons  which  it  is  said  were  taken 
out  of  here  was  surface  or  wash  ore.  The  rocks  dipped  north. 
Strength  not  given.  Mr.  Underwood  reports,  also  that  trap  was 
encountered  east  of  the  ore,  but  Mr.  Altland  doubts  the  occur¬ 
rence  of  trap  at  this  place. 

Mr.  Edwards  reports  large  masses  of  trap  in  place,  of  which 
10  feet  are  visible  in  the  south  wall  of  the  excavation  and  com¬ 
ing  to  the  surface.  The  general  dip  of  the  trap  he  reports  as 
south-west,  with  sandstone  underlying.  This  information  is  only 
partially  reliable. 

M’Cormick  Co.’s  Old  Opening.  ( xvu,9 .  No.ma.) 

About  500  feet  east  of  north  of  the  Underwood  slope  is  an 
excavation  covering  12,000  square  feet  of  area,  which  was 
opened  by  John  Mumper  twenty-five  years  ago.  From  a  point 
north  of  the  middle  of  this  pit  a  shaft  was  sunk  for  140  feet  ver¬ 
tical  depth.  The  shaft  is  now  nearly  filled  with  water.  The  ore 
is  said  to  have  been  exhausted.  Parts  of  the  machinery  are  ly¬ 
ing  about. 

One  hundred  feet  north  of  the  bank  is  a  slope  constructed  for 
Mr.  M’Cormick  by  the  mine  boss,  Mr.  Parfit.  The  inclination 
of  this  slope  was  200,  and  the  slope  was  60  feet  in  length. 

It  did  not  pay  to  work  the  ore  all  the  way  down.  A  t  the  bot¬ 
tom  of  the  slope  a  vein(?)  of  4  feet  was  wrought.  About  ten 
tons  of  ore  altogether  were  taken  out,  and  the  mine  was  aban¬ 
doned  for  a  more  profitable  place.  The  ore  spoken  of  as  having 
been  got  out  by  this  slope  may  have  been  wash  ore. 

A  superficial  opening  on  the  same  vein  has  been  made  50  feet 
east  of  this  slope,  but  the  ore  has  not  been  wrought  here,  and 
the  excavation  is  only  about  six  feet  deep. 

M’Cormick  £  Co.’s  Long  Cut  and  Slope,  (xxu,  9.  No.  123.) 

This  is  the  most  northerly  of  the  group  of  mines  which  occurs 
in  this  region.  The  cut,  including  a  small  opening  in  the  west 


THE  DILLSBURG  GROUP  OF  MINES. 


C.  215 


end,  is  from  four  to  five  hundred  feet  in  length  along  the  out¬ 
crop  line  of  the  ore-vein  which  it  was  intended  to  work.  A 
dolerite  which  occurs  in  this  mine  at  the  surface,  and  appears  to 
constitute  the  top  rock  of  the  ore,  dips  N .  5°  W.  from  27°  to* 
34°.  The  machinery  is  still  standing,  but  the  mine  is  practically 
abandoned  and  is  full  of  water.  Two  slopes  were  driven  in  to 
find  the  ore.  The  upper  one  followed  the  ore  vein  in  between 
well  defined  walls  at  the  normal  angle  of  inclination  of  the  sand¬ 
stone  layers.  The  upper  sandstone  was  continued  in  the  deep, 
while  the  foot  wall  was  cut  out  by  a  dyke  of  trap.  The  lower 
slope  of  about  30°  to  45°  was  continued  for  180  feet,  and  passed 
through  the  ore,  which  appeared  to  be  a  very  irregular  deposit. 
It  is  now  entirely  exhausted. 

One  hundred  and  fifty-eight  feet  north-west  of  the  middle  of 
this  cut  a  bore  hole  (No.  1  on  special  map)  was  sunk,  of  which 
the  following  is  a  record  as  given  by  Mr.  King  : — 

feet. 


Clay .  4' 

Sandstone .  Ql 

Clay . 2' 

Bastard  limestone .  9.5' 

Sandstone .  9.5' 

Trap .  9' 

Unknown,  abotit .  20' 

Brown  sandstone .  12' 

Iron  ore . 6' 

Sandstone .  4' 

Lean  iron  ore .  4' 


About  50  feet  from  the  cut,  and  towards  the  western  end,  a 
bore  hole  (No.  3  on  special  map)  showed — 


Clay . 

White  sandstone . 

Red  sandstone . 

Trap . 

Black  and  green  sandstone 

Brown  sandstone . 

Green  sandstone . 

White  sandstone . 


Feet. 

4' 

6' 

7' 

17.5' 

4' 

1' 

8' 

1.5' 


*Mr.  ALtland  makes  it  “north  50®  to  10°  west,  from  the  horizontal  about 
20°.” 


216  C 


P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875 


Bore  hole,  No.  4,  situated  about  150  feet  east  of  south  of  the 
eastern  extremity  of  the  long  cut,  gave : 


Surface. 

Clay . 

Gray  sandstone . 

Ked  sandstone . 

Unknown . 

White  sandstone . 

Greenish-white  sandstone 

White  sandstone . 

Green  sandstone . 

Ked  sandstone . 

Black  (?)  trap . 

White  (?)  trap . 

Ore . 

White  sandstone . 

Green  sandstone. . 

Red  and  white  sandstone 


Feet. 


2' 

8' 

7* 

10* 


7.  5' 
6.16' 
6.41' 
2.83' 
0.50' 
16.08' 
6.66' 
1.50' 
22.25' 
13.16' 
6.00' 


Bore  hole,  No.  5,  sunk  in  “  M’Cormick’s  &  Co.’s  old  bank,’’ 


showed : — 

Surface. 

boil .  8.84' 

Green  sandstone . .  0.17' 

iron  ore .  0.17' 

Gray  sandstone .  .  4.50' 

White  sandstone . 6.17' 

Reddish  green  sandstone .  12.08' 

Black  (?)  trap .  23.07' 

Gray  sandstone .  3.25' 

Iron  ore .  3 .25' 

White  sandstone .  5.00' 

Iron  ore .  1.33' 

White  sandstone .  11.00' 

Limestone  and  flint .  6.00' 

Limestone  and  fire-clay .  10.00' 

Red  sandstone .  14.00' 

Green  sandstone .  4.00' 

White  sandstone .  9.00' 

Green  sandstone .  3.00' 

Iron  ore .  2.00' 

Sandstone . .  2.00' 

Sandstone  and  ore . 3.00' 

Limestone  and  flint .  6.50' 

Ore  and  sandstone .  0.50' 

Green  sandstone .  5.00' 

White  sandstone .  5.00' 

Green  sandstone .  6.00' 

White  sandstone . 1.00 

Gray  trap .  2.0G 


THE  DILLSBURG  GROUP  OP  MINES. 


C.  217 


White  sandstone .  2.00' 

Limestone .  3.00' 

Gray  sandstone .  4.50' 

Red  sandstone .  4.00' 

White  sandstone .  4.00 

Red  sandstone .  1.00' 

White  sandstone .  4.00' 

Red  sandstone .  3.00' 

White  sandstone .  4.50' 


About  1,000  feet  south-east  of  the  point  from  which  the  dis¬ 
tances  have  heretofore  been  given  ;  i.  e.,  Underwood's  slope,  is 

Smyser  s  Open  Out.  (xvii,  n.) 

This  Bank  was  opened  in  1852  by  James  Myers  and  Henry 
Mussel  man,  of  Marietta,  to  whom  it  was  leased  for  ten  years. 
They  wrought  it  for  about  eighteen  months  and  threw  up  the 
lease. 

Abraham  Mumper  purchased  the  propertj^  and  worked  it  for 
six  or  eight  months.  Mr.  Smyser  subsequently  bought  the 
farm  back  and  worked  the  mine,  taking  out  about  1,000  tons- 
of  ore.  Altogether  the  amount  of  ore  taken  out  was  nearly 
3,000  tons.  It  was  of  the  same  character  as  that  at  Under¬ 
wood’s  and  M’Cormick’s.  Most  of  the  ore  was  used  at  Mari¬ 
etta  by  Musselman  ;  the  rest  at  Whitest-own. 

The  sides  of  the  bank  slope  about  40°  and  the  bank  is  about 
30  feet  deep  and  is  partially  shut. 

The  upper  part  is  composed  of  gravel  and  loose  soil.  Ho 
rock  in  place  is  at  present  visible. 

Mr.  Smyser  (from  whom  the  above  data  was  obtained)  states 
that  the  lessees  sank  about  45  feet  before  ore  was  struck.  This 
ore  had  a  thickness  of  25  feet  and  “dipped  gently  south-east”  (?) 

The  foreman  of  the  working  states  that  the  ore  dipped  south¬ 
west  where  worked,  and  rested  on  a  saddle  of  trap.  He  adds 
that  a  south-east  dip  would  doubtless  be  obtained  further  to 
the  south.  Neither  of  these  statements  form  a  satisfactory  ba¬ 
sis  of  any  theory  owing  to  their  unreliability. 

When  the  bank  was  operated  the  ore  was  hauled  out  by 
horse  and  cart.  It  did  not  require  to  be  washed.  It  was  scat¬ 
tered  through  the  bank,  but  was  hard  to  get  at  and  does  not 
pay  to  mine. 

15 — C. 


218  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR  ,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

The  trap  which  occurs  in  this  bank  was  very  confusing,  and 
Mr.  King  reports  being  unable  to  ascertain  its  direction  of  dip 
after  examining:  it. 

Mr.  Altland  mentions  the  same  difficulty  having  occurred  to 
himself  on  the  occasion  of  a  visit  last  autumn  (1875.) 

Ezra  Bell's  Ore  Mines.  (XVH,u.  No.  m.) 

This  property  was  leased  to  Mr.  M’Williams  since  April. 
The  shaft  is  33  feet  deep  and  a  drift  has  been  commenced.  In 
June  last  100  tons,  more  or  less,  had  been  taken  out  but  none 
had  been  sold. 

The  terms  of  the  lease  are  50  cents  royalty  per  ton  for  ten 
years.  The  works  were  just  commenced  at  the  time  of  this 
visit,  in  June,  and  only  four  hands  were  employed.  The  dip 
of  hanging  and  foot  walls  seemed  to  be  about  K.  10°  E.  20°. 
Specimens  of  the  different  strata  were  selected.  Hard  limestone 
boulders  were  noticed  from  the  surface  to  the  ore,  a  distance  of 
25  feet. 

A  slope  has  been  sunk  about  100  feet  south-west  of  Bell  s 
shaft  180  feet  long.  At  100  feet  on  the  slope  (assuming  the 
slope  to  be  N.  10°  E. — 20°,  the  projection  of  this  point  upon  the 
surface  would  be  94  feet  from  the  slope-mouth,  and  the  point 
itself  41  feet  below  the  surface). 

The  drift  has  been  cut  (probably  W.  10°  K.)  from  the  foot 
of  the  slope  for  75  feet.  125  down  the  slope  (or  51  feet 
vertically,  under  a  point  on  the  surface  117.5  feet  H.  10°  E. 
from  the  slope  mouth,)  a  second  drift  has  been  driven  E.  10°  S. 
50  feet. 

Ore  has  been  obtained  from  this  mine,  but  the  precise  local¬ 
ities  are  not  indicated. 

If  the  surface  were  level  between  Bore  Hole  Ko.  3  and  Bell’s 
Shaft,  and  the  traps  continuous,  the  latter  should  have  been 
found  at  30  feet  below  the  surface.  Allowing:  for  the  difference 
of  level  between  the  two  points  (between  5  and  10  feet)  the 
traps  should  have  been  struck  at  about  20  feet  below  the  mouth 
of  the  shaft. 

The  excavated  material  and  ore  from  this  shaft  is  raised  by 
windlass.  The  shaft  is  cribbed  from  the  top  down  and  drifts 


THE  DILLSBURG  GROUP  OF  MINES. 


C.  219 


are  driven  from  the  bottom  south  and  north.  In  September 
this  mine  was  said  to  have  been  leased  by  M’Cormick  &  Co. 

Joseph  L.  Grove's  Bank .  (XVII,  12.  No.  m.) 

Is  situated  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  south-east  of  the  Un¬ 
derwood  slope,  was  opened  about  two  years.  Eagle  &  Schultz, 
of  .Newport,  Perry  county,  are  lessees. 

Over  350  tons  had  been  taken  out  altogether  when  business 
difficulties  caused  the  firm  to  cease  operations. 

The  slope  is  about  25  feet  long,  and  at  an  angle  of  25°.  The 
horizontal  distance  of  the  drift  at  bottom  (west)  is  about  50 
feet.  The  royalty  paid  Mr.  Grove  was  $1  00  per  ton.  The 
ore,  which  is  of  the  same  character  as  that  of  the  Underwood 
and  Logan  banks,  was  taken  to  Newport  and  wrought  in  the 
Marshall  furnace.  There  is  no  lease  upon  the  property  at 
present. 

The  ore  was  hauled  to  Dillsburg  Station  (1J  miles)  by  private 
teams,  for  50  cents  per  ton.  3  to  8J  tons  constituted  a  single 
load  and  were  hauled  by  a  four-horse  team  when  the  roads  were 
in  good  condition.  The  mouth  of  the  mine  has  caved  in  and  it 
is  full  of  water.  The  rocks  (much  resembling  weathered  traps) 
dip  N.  10°  E.— 24°. 

The  greater  part  of  the  old  machinery  has  been  taken  away. 
Specimens  of  the  ore  and  trap  were  secured  and  the  above  infor¬ 
mation  was  obtained  from  Mr.  Grove. 

Abraham  Price's  Mine  (XV it,  72.  No.  iso.) 

This  bank  is  a  large  open  cut,  situated  4,800  feet  south  41°, 
30'  east  of  the  Underwood  slope. 

It  was  opened  about  twenty  years  ago  by  Henry  Seidel,  of 
Dillsburg,  and  was  afterwards  wrought  by  Rufus  Castell.  For 
the  past  eleven  years  it  has  been  the  property  of  Mr.  Price. 
The  bank  is  at  present  350  feet  east  and  west  by  about  125  in 
its  broadest  part  north  and  south,  and  15  to  20  feet  deep.  The 
west  end  is  filled  with  water.  A  large  amount  of  magnetic 
ore  has  been  taken  out  of  it.  It  has  been  unwrought  for  four¬ 
teen  years,  and  is  now  partially  overgrown  with  vegetation.  A 
six  foot  vein  is  said  to  be  fourteen  feet  beneath  the  surface  of  the 
ground.  An  exposure  of  sandstone  occurs  on  its  north  side, 
but  no  dip  was  obtainable.  Large  quantities  of  ore  are  re- 


220  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

ported  to  underlie  various  parts  of  the  farm,  hut  no  exhibit  was 
discovered. 

Note. — For  further  analyses  of  these  ores  see  report  of  pro¬ 
gress  for  1874,  pp.  C.  73  and  74. 

Near  Price’s  bank  the  dip  needle  gave  10°  to  30°,  and  close 
to  Price’s  house  and  barn,  near  Stony  Run,  40°. 

Mr.  Altland  observed  a  strong  attraction  in  the  dip  needle 
along  the  woods  near  him. 

An  outcrop  of  ore  is  observed  to  cross  the  road. 

A  dip  of  sandstone  was  obtained  here  south-east — 45°  (?) 

The  Landis  Ore  Bank ,  better  known  as  the 
Fuller  Mine  (xvu,  49.  No.  131.) 

is  situated  3.48  miles  north-east  of  Dillsburg.  The  property 
belongs  to  Mr.  Landis,  and  was  leased  by  Mr.  Jos.  Fuller,  of 
Philadelphia.  The  property  originally  belonged  to  P.  Kneis- 
ley,  and  was  opened  by  him  twelve  }7ears  ago,  after  which  H. 
II.  Sheeley  took  a  lease,  and  wrought  the  bank  for  three  months. 
Mr.  Fuller  leased  from  Mr.  Landis  for  twenty  years  from  June 
1,  1875.  The  lease  is  at  a  royalty  of  80  cents  per  ton,  with  a 
proviso  to  pay  that  amount  on  at  least  500  tons  annually.  Up 
to  June  19,  1,400  tons  had  been  taken  out,  or  an  average  of  15 
tons  per  day. 

The  cost  of  mining  is  75  cents  per  ton,  including  all  mining 
expenses.  The  ore  is  shipped  per  Harrisburg  and  Potomac 
railroad  to  Wister’s  furnace,  at  Hamburg,  and  to  Daniel  Ahl’s 
furnace  at  Boiling  Springs. 

A  tunnel  from  the  railroad,  and  close  to  the  bank  of  the  Yel¬ 
low  Breeches  creek,  enters  a  steep  bank  due  south  for  200  feet. 
Two  drifts  lead  off  west  and  one  east  of  the  main  tunnel.  The 
hanging  wall  is  trap  dipping  N.  45°  W.  24°. 

The  ore  is  strongly  magnetic.*  Foot  wall  greenish  colored 
p.  74  c. 

altered  sand-rock.  No  machinery  is  necessary.  The  ore  is 
pushed  by  hand  cars  from  the  headings  and  loaded  on  the  ore 
cars  of  the  Harrisburg  and  Potomac  Railroad. 


*  For  analysis  of  ore  of  the  Fuller  mine  see  Report  of  Progress  for  1874, 


THE  DILLSBURGr  GROUP  OF  MINES. 


C.  221 


The  tunnel  is  at  present  above  water  level,  and  no  trouble 
**  >m  water  is  experienced.  Six  men  are  employed,  all  in  the 
mine. 

The  wages  are  $1  10  per  day  of  12  hours.  They  were  at 
first  $1  75. 

Mr.  Fuller  is  sinking  a  slope  to  the  main  tunnel  preparatory 
to  putting  in  machinery  to  raise  the  ore  and  pump  out  the 
water  which  will  accumulate  as  soon  as  either  of  the  slopes 
reaches  a  point  below  the  level  of  the  creek. 

An  analysis  of  the  ore  gave  62  per  cent  of  both  oxides  of 
iron,  (see  p.  74  C.,)  phosphoric  oxide,  0.05,  and  sesqui-oxide  of 
manganese,  0.352.  In  the  furnace  the  ore  is  said  to  yield  in 
large  quantities  about  52  per  cent  of  the  mixed  oxides. 

Ex- Governor  Porter’s  Bank.  ( xvii,50 .  No.  132.) 

This  open  bank  was  commenced  over  20  years  ago  by  Gov¬ 
ernor  Porter,  and  was  wrought  5  years  by  him.  Abraham 
Price  then  bought  the  property  and  worked  the  mine  about 
eight  years.  No  machinery  was  ever  used  except  a  pump 
driven  by  water  power,  obtained  from  the  Yellow  Breeches 
creek  close  by.  The  ore  was  taken  out  in  carts  and  sent  to 
Harrisburg,  and  was  pronounced  very  good  by  the  consumers, 
whose  names,  however,  were  not  obtained.  The  ore  was  mag¬ 
netic.  The  excavation  is  about  40  feet  deep  and  14  feet  below 
the  surface  of  the  water  in  the  Yellow  Breeches  creek.  From 
eight  to  ten  men  were  employed  in  the  mine.  The  wages  were 
from  $1  25  to  $1  50  per  day.  The  ore  was  said  to  dip  about 
30°  towards  the  creek  and  to  underlie  the  latter.  The  mine  is 
at  present  very  much  overgrown  with  vegetation,  and  there  is 
no  lease  on  it.  The  property  belongs  to  the  heirs  of  Abraham 
Price.  No  rock  is  exposed  in  the  banks  at  present,  but  a  lime¬ 
stone  in  a  railroad  cut  close  by  (Auroral  limestone  ?)  dips  S. 
10°  E. — 30°.  The  ore  bed  in  this  mine  is  said  to  have  been  3  to 
6  feet  thick  and  was  opened  for  25  feet  along  the  strike. 

No  specimens  were  obtained  from  the  bank,  and  it  is  diffi¬ 
cult  to  determine  if  by  the  reported  “magnetic”  ore  is  meant 
ore  resembling  the  Dillsburg  type  or  the  “magnetic”  ore  of  the 
York  Valley.  The  probability  is  that  the  ore  belongs  to  the 
older  rocks,  the  Yellow  Breeches  approximately  dividing  the 
two  formations. 


222  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

Shelley's  Ore  Mine.  (Xvn,  50.  No.  133.) 

This  mine  was  opened  about  8  years  ago  by  P.  J.  Miller, 
lessee,  for  ten  years.  It  was  worked  for  about  two  months, 
and  300  tons  of  ore  were  taken  out  and  sent  via  Meclianics- 
burg,  to  M’Cormick  &  Co.,  of  Harrisburg. 

The  ore  is  said  to  have  been  magnetic.  The  working  has  now 
partially  caved  in.  The  bed  is  said  by  Shelley  to  be  ten  feet 
thick.  From  the  informant  it  was  learned  that  under  the  soil 
20  feet  of  trap  was  penetrated,  under  which  was  ten  feet  of  ore 
and  the  bottom  was  left  in  “ Potomac  Marble.” 

The  ore  was  partly  obtained  with  a  pick  and  partly  by  blast¬ 
ing.  Six  men  were  employed.  A  shaft  was  also  sunk  through 
30  feet  of  trap  and  ore  was  found.  (The  position  of  this  shaft 
was  not  ascertained.)  Since  that  time  the  mine  has  been  idle. 

If  the  observation  of  Potomac  Marble  and  trap  be  correct,  a 
slight  alteration  in  the  boundary  line  of  the  old  geological  map 
between  Hew  Red  and  Auroral,  will  have  to  be  made,  bring¬ 
ing  the  former  up  to  the  banks  of  the  Yellow  Breeches  east  of 
the  Harrisburg  road. 

Jacob  Hei Ices' s  Shaft.  (XVii,  55.  No.  134 .) 

Ten  years  ago  a  shaft  was  sunk  by  Jacob  Heikes  about  half 
a  mile  south-west  of  Hillsburg.  Mr.  Porter  states  that  3  or  4 
tons  were  taken  out  it,  when,  the  pocket  being  exhausted,  it 
was  abandoned. 

1 

A  quarter  of  a  mile  nearer  to  Hillsburg,  on  the  farm  of  Mr. 
Porter,  a  few  trial  pits  were  said  to  have  been  opened,  but 
without  findiug  any  ore. 

Here  there  occurs  a  very  feldspathic  igneous  rock  to  all  ap¬ 
pearances  rich  in  hornblende.  It  will  be  more  fully  described, 
along  with  the  other  traps,  in  another  part  of  the  report. 

Filler's  Ore  Pit.  ( xvn ,  69.  No.  135 .) 

/ 

Situated  a  little  more  than  a  mile  south  by  west  of  Hillsburg. 
It  is  now  8  feet  deep  and  4X6  feet  in  area.  It  has  been  sunk 
through  sandy  soil  and  gravel,  and  partly  through  soft,  much 
disintegrated  trap. 


I 


THE  DILLSBURG  GROUP  OF  MINES.  C.  223 

Mr.  Filler  reports  that  when  he  discontinued  work  at  the 
bottom  of  his  excavation  the  rocks  seemed  to  dip  westwardly 
and  the  ore  to  conform  to  them. 

The  indications  of  a  large  body  of  ore  are  reported  to  be  not 
encouraging;. 

Peter  Berg  hart’ s  Ore  Pit.  (XVii,so.  No.  m.) 

Situated  about  1.7  miles  a  little  west  of  due  south  of  Dillsburg. 

It  was  begun  18  months  ago,  and  is  now  18  feet  deep.  The 
first  13  feet  were  sunk  through  soil  and  small  fragments  of  red 
sandstone. 

Below  this  was  1  foot  of  red  sandstone,  which  had  to  be 
blasted. 

Below  this  were  six  inches  of  ore.  (Ho  specimen  fairly  rep¬ 
resenting  the  average  of  the  ore  was  found.) 

Below  the  ore  more  red  sandstone  was  encountered  and  the 
work  was  suspended  before  this  rock  was  penetrated. 

Hothing  left  on  the  ground  implies  the  existence  of  any 
quantity  of  ore  worthy  of  consideration,  and  nothing  to  show 
the  character  of  the  deposit. 

Henry  Heiges's  Ore  Pit.  (xvu,  70,  No.  137.) 

Situated  a  little  more  than  two-thirds  of  a  mile  S.  W.  of 
the  last  mentioned  ore  pit.  It  was  commenced  about  three 
years  ago.  The  holes  appear  now  to  be  about  4  feet  deep.  Ore 
is  said  to  have  been  found,  but  no  specimens  were  at  hand. 

The  debris  of  the  land  in  the  vicinity,  and  especially  the 
heaps  about  the  mouth  of  the  shaft,  seemed  to  be  composed  of 
soft  disintegrated  masses  of  syenitic  dolerite. 

Ho  solid  rock  was  visible. 

Abraham  Heiges’s  Ore  Pits.  ( xvu ,  73,  No.  m.) 

Situated  about  one-third  of  a  mile  S.  W.  of  Henry  Heiges. 

The  excavations  are  about  4  feet  in  diameter,  and  2  to  6  feet 
deep.  They  have  been  dug  from  time  to  time  during  the  last 
ten  years.  Very  little  has  been  taken  out  but  syenitic  dolerite, 
very  much  decomposed.  Ho  ore  was  to  be  found.  Indications 
are  rather  unfavorable  to  the  belief  in  a  large  supply. 

One  of  the  pits  on  the  farm  (now  filled  up)  is  said  to  have 
produced  ore  and  “syenite”  together. 


22^4  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

Specimens  were  taken. 

The  above  information  was  obtained  through  the  courtesy 
of  Mr.  A.  Heiges. 

George  Heiges’ s  Ore  Workings.  (xvn,7s.  No.  139.) 

The  occurrence  of  ore  in  this  locality  was  discovered  12 
years  ago  by  Mr.  George  Heiges,  and  leased  to  him  and  Mr. 
Baish,  of  Franklin  township,  for  5  years.  Very  little  was 
done  towards  opening  the  works,  and  when  the  lease  expired, 
the  farm  was  leased  again  to  Mr.  John  Underwood  for  10 
years.  Mr.  Underwood  only  sank  a  few  small  pits.  After  the 
cancellation  of  this  lease,  Mr.  Abraham  Weigel,  of  Adams 
county,  took  the  lease.  Finally,  Mr.  Hildebrand,  of  Whites- 
town  furnace,  secured  it.  Hot  much  has  been  done  by  any  of 
the  lessees  towards  developing  the  property  to  its  full  ca¬ 
pacity. 

A  shaft  (Ho.  1  of  the  map)  has  been  sunk  30  feet  through 
trap  rock,  in  which,  however,  no  dip  could  be  obtained.  A 
slope  was  sunk  at  2  on  the  map,  and  a  tunnel  driven  to  connect 
them  together.  The  slope  has  now  fallen  in  and  resembles  a 
pit. 

The  material  exposed  in  the  banks  of  this  cut  is  a  greenish 
sandstone.  The  slope  begins  at  the  H.  W.  end  of  the  open 
cut  and  extends  for  15  feet.  The  bed  of  ore  is  said  to  be  4  to 
5  feet  thick,  and  is  exposed  for  a  width  of  20  feet.  Ho  ma¬ 
chinery  was  ever  used  here,  the  ore  being  taken  out  in  a  wheel 
barrow.  Ho  lease  exists  at  present  on  the  property.  The  farm 
covers  about  176  acres. 

The  dip  needle  is  deflected  10°  to  20°  all  along  this  ridge. 
Hip,  H.  W.— 20°. 

There  are  indications  in  this  vicinity  that  the  lower  pre-Si¬ 
lurian  slates  crop  out  here,  though  they  are  cut  off  between 
here  and  the  South  Mountain  by  a  mass  of  red  shale  which 
crops  out  suddenly  about  one-fourth  of  a  mile  S.  W.  near  Le- 
rew’s.  Close  by  Mr.  Hare’s  house,  on  the  Petersburg  road,  the 
slates  resemble  those  just  mentioned.  A  shaft  is  opened  in  a 
field  to  the  east.  On  Mr.  Porter’s  farm,  one-half  mile  south  of 
Dillsburg,  a  very  feldspathic  dolerite  is  encountered.  The  S. 
end  of  the  dip  needle  is  deflected  15°.  The  soil  shows  a  sudden 
change  in  passing  from  the  older  slates  on  to  the  Hew  Red. 


THE  DILLSBURG  GROUP  OF  MINES. 


C.  225 


John  Lemer’s  Ore  Pit .  ( xvn ,  82.  No.  140 ,) 

Situated  a  little  over  a  mile  S.  E.  of  Dillsburg. 

Ttie  pit  is  sunk  through  the  red  sandstone,  and  is  four  feet 
deep.  The  ore  was  six  inches  thick  about  2  feet  from  the  sur¬ 
face  of  the  ground,  and  was  exposed  along  its  outcrop  for  3  or 
4  feet  only. 

The  bed  seemed  to  dip  slightly  to  the  E.  of  K.  Only  a 
poor  specimen  was  obtainable. 

The  rocks  were  loose,  fragmentary,  and  very  much  broken 
up. 

John  Kuntz’s  Limestone  Quarry.  ( xvii ,  20.  No.  141 ,) 

Situated  about  1  mile  K.  W.  of  Dillsburg.  The  quarry  is 
in  a  coarse  conglomerate  resembling  the  Potomac  Marble. 
The  lime  is  said  to  be  equal  as  a  fertilizer  to  that  of  the  Cum- 
oerland  Valley.  It  sells  in  the  neighborhood  for  nine  cents 
per  bushel  at  the  kiln.  Mr.  Kuntz  pays  $20  00  per  thousand 
bushels  for  the  right  of  quarrying  this  rock.  The  admixture 
of  sandstone  does  not  appear  to  interfere  with  the  utility  of 
the  conglomerate  as  a  top  dressing. 

Two  dips  taken  at  the  east  end  of  the  quarry  gave,  respect¬ 
ively,  S.  45°  W.— 24°,  and  S.  10°  E.— 40°. 

This  belt  of  conglomerate  limestone  resembles  that  of  the 
Auroral  limestone  in  being  honeycombed  into  caverns  below 
water  level.  A  stream  flows  into  a  hollow  at  this  quarry  and 
disappears  after  the  manner  of  similar  streams  at  various  points 
of  the  great  valley. 

John  Kuntz' 's  Paint  Mine,  (xvii,  21.  No.  142 ,) 

Situated  about  400  feet  K.  W.  of  the  limestone  quarry. 

These  works  were  opened  two  years  ago  by  Mr.  H. 
Hurst,  of  Mechanicsburg,  who  leased  the  property  from  Mr. 
Kuntz  for  fifteen  years  from  October,  1874,  at  $1  per  ton  roy¬ 
alty. 

The  material  which  he  mines  is  a  red  and  a  yellow  clay 
ochre.  This  is  ground  and  prepared  for  shipment  at  a  mill  not 
far  off,  and  is  then  sold  to  all  parts  of  the  country. 

Five  hundred  tons  are  taken  out  per  year,  but  the  mines  as 
yet  are  not  in  full  operation.  Mr.  Hurst’s  estimate  includes 


226  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 


the  taking  out  of  3,000  tons  per  year,  but  the  mine  is  not  yet 
worked  up  to  its  full  capacity. 

The  shafts  are  all  small — from  5  to  15  feet  deep,  and  4  to  10 
feet  in  diameter.  The  material  is  excessively  soft,  being  the 
wasted  and  kaolinized  Iluronian  schists  which  form  the  Hanks 
of  the  South  Mountain,  and  of  course  no  blasting  is  required. 

Christian  Bender  s  Magnetic  Ore  Mine.  (XVH,  64.  No.  125  a.) 

Situated  in  the  Mesozoic  Sandstone,  and  close  to  its  border, 
about  1  J  miles  S.  W.  of  Dillsburg. 

The  working  is  all  by  open  cut. 

It  was  opened  by  Charles  Bender  in  1849,  who  used  200 
tons  of  ore  at  the  Whitestown  furnace.  It  was  idle  from 
1849  to  1873,  when  Taylor  &  Co.,  and  Ruth  &  Co.  took 
possession  of  it.  Eighty  tons  were  taken  out  at  this  time 
and  used  in  Millersburg,  Perry  county.  Under  seven  feet  ol 
stripping,  a  pocket  of  ore  averaging  5  feet  in  thickness  was 
found.  Altogether,  300  tons  were  taken  out,  according  to  Mr. 
Bender.  This  pocket  was  worked  out ;  but  he  states  that  within 
a  radius  of  100  feet  around  the  place  originally  wrought,  trial 
shafts  have  developed  other  deposits  of  about  equal  thickness. 

The  ore  is  reported  by  him  to  be  magnetic,  and  of  average 
quality. 

It  was  hauled  by  wagon  at  $1  50  per  ton  11  miles  to  Whites¬ 
town. 

The  pit  is  now  caved  in  and  partially  overgrown  with  bushes. 
A  shaft  was  sunk  from  the  bottom  of  the  pit,  and  the  total 
depth  of  the  bottom  of  this  shaft  below  the  surface  was  32 
feet.* 

*Mr.  Lovi  Gross,  of  Dillsburg,  states  that  two  cart  loads  of  magnetic  ore 
from  Bender’s  mine  were  dumped  by  him  in  a  hole  near  the  shanty,  which 
still  stands  near  the  edge  of  the  bank  next  to  be  described. 

Mr.  Gross  describes  this  ore  as  having  occurred  in  a  hard  rock  behind  the 
variegated  clays ,  and  dipping  with  them  from  the  Mountain.  This  occur¬ 
rence  would  be  of  singular  interest  if  confirmed,  for  it  would  establish  the 
existence  of  large  quantities  of  magnetite  in  the  South  Mountain  rocks,  and 
renders  the  problem  of  the  genesis  of  the  Mesozoic  magnetite  more  easy. 
But  however  glad  we  might  be  to  accept  this  fact,  such  careful  examination 
of  this  bank  as  its  condition  rendered  possible,  failed  to  exhibit  more  than 
small  quantities  of  magnetic  ore  scattered  about ;  so  that,  for  the  present,  I  am 
reluctantly  obliged  to  suppose  that  there  was  some  misunderstanding  as  to 
which  of  Mr.  Bender’s  banks  furnished  this  ore,  and  that  this  bank  was  the 
one  meant. 


THE  DILLSBURG  GROUP  OF  MINES. 


C.  227 


The  following  is  an  analysis  by  Mr.  David  M’Creath  of 
some  ore  from  this  bank,  which,  although  poor  as  a  specimen, 
was  the  best  that  could  be  had. 


Per  cent* 

Per  cent. 

Iron  sesquioxide . 

45.428 

Metallic  iron . 

..  31.800 

Alumina . 

8.676 

Manganese  sesquioxide. . 

0.298 

Metallic  manganese. . 

..  0.208 

Lime . 

0.290 

Magnesia . 

0.987 

i 

Sulphuric  oxide . 

0.128 

Sulphur . 

Phosphoric  oxide . 

0.476 

Phosphorus .  . 

..  0.208 

Water . 

10.230 

Insoluble  residue . 

33.330 

99.843 

Undetermined  and  loss. . 

0.157 

Total . 

100.000 

Christian  Bender's  Limonite  Bank.  ( xvu ;  66.  No.  m,) 

Situated  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  of  W.  of  the  last 
in  the  decomposed  schists  which  as  clay  form  the  flanks  of  the 
South  Mountains. 

The  bank  is  an  open  cut  covering  an  area  of  about  half  an 
acre. 

It  was  opened  by  Mr.  Bender  in  1874,  and  leased  to  Sam¬ 
uel  Bahn  and  C.  S.  Stone  for  12  years,  on  condition  that 
a  royalty  should  be  paid  on  1,000  tons  a  year  @  60  cents 
per  ton.  They  worked  the  bank  for  18  months,  and  took 
out  2,000  tons  of  ore  which  was  used  in  Messrs.  McCor¬ 
mick’s  &  Musselman’s  furnaces.  The  engine  at  the  bank  is  of 
twenty  horse  power,  and  the  pump  shaft  18  feet  long.  A  dou¬ 
ble  cutter  washer  is  used.  The  ore,  which  is  mainly  wash  ore, 
is  hauled  out  of  the  banks  by  horse  and  cart  at  the  rate  of 
about  four  tons  per  day.  From  6  to  8  men  are  employed  in 
working  this  mine  @  $1  25  per  day  of  ten  hours. 

Twelve  to  20  feet  of  stripping  was  removed  before  the  imbed¬ 
ded  limonite  fragments  and  streaks  of  testaceous  ore  were 
found  rich  enough  to  pay.  Twenty-three  feet  of  this  has  been 
passed  through  with  no  sign  of  diminishing  in  quantity. 

The  general  direction  of  dip  of  the  ore  is  towards  the  south. 

But  little  lump  ore  of  large  size  is  found.  After  the  bank  had 
been  wrought  about  a  year  Mr.  Bahn  died,  and  Mr.  Hilde- 


228  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

brand  became  a  partner.  The  bank  was  wrought  altogether 
about  18  months,  and  has  been  since  idle.  No  machinery  re¬ 
mains  but  the  washer.  The  sides  have  partially  caved  in. 
There  is  no  deficiency  of  water  for  washing  the  ore  when  the 
bank  is  in  operation,  as  it  is  brought  from  a  spring  not  far  off. 
The  sides  are  partially  overgrown  with  vegetation. 

A  dip  obtained  from  one  of  the  layers  of  variegated  clay 
was  about  S. — 56°. 

McCormick’s  Bank.  ( xvn}65 .  No.  m.) 

Situated  S.  W.  of  the  Bender  bank ;  the  N.  E.  edge  of  it 
about  100  feet  S.  of  the  S.  W.  end  of  the  latter. 

It  is  said  to  have  been  known  as  a  repository  of  ore  up¬ 
wards  of  100  years  ago,  and  it  has  been  worked  by  different 
parties  lor  many  years.  The  wash  ore  used  to  be  separated  by 
rakes  before  the  improved  washer  was  introduced.  Mr.  M’- 
Cormick&Co.  purchased  the  property  from  Mr.  Atticks  about  fif¬ 
teen  years  ago.  Two  barrel  washers  were  in  operation  till  re¬ 
cently.  The  water  was  obtained  from  the  same  spring  which 
fed  Bender’s  washer.  Very  little  ore  is  showing  in  the  bank. 
It  was  hauled  out  by  horse  and  cart.  Very  few  large  masses 
of  ore  have  been  met  with  in  the  bank.  The  direction  of  dip 
cf  the  planes  richest  in  ore  seems  to  be  the  same  as  in  Bender’s 
bank,  but  the  inclination  to  be  less  steep.  The  excavation  is 
about  85  feet  deep,  and  the  bottom  filled  with  water. 

No  rock  is  exhibited,  arid  no  termination  of  the  ore-yield 
has  been  found  at  the  lowest  level  yet  attained.  The  machin¬ 
ery  is  entirely  removed.  The  pit  covers  an  area  of  about  two 
acres. 

(XVI,  61.) — Both  of  these  last  mentioned  banks  are  partly 
segregations,  partly  alterations  in  place,  of  iron  minerals  in  the 
old  decomposed  crystalline  schists.  By  paring  down  the  edges 
of  a  bank  of  this  kind  the  streaks  of  variegated  clay  corres¬ 
ponding  to  the  edges  of  the  former  laminae  are  seen  in  their 
normal  positions.  A  plate  of  homogeneous  matter  can  thus 
be  followed,  and  from  its  observed  dip,  that  of  the  schists  from 
which  it  has  been  formed,  established.  These  variegated  clays 
interstratified  with  testaceous  and  plate-like  limonite  gave  in 
the  last  two  banks  a  dip  of  about  S.  30°  E. — 30°. 


THE  DILLSBURG  GROUP  OF  MINES. 


C.  229 


Many  of  the  leaves  of  clay  are  incrusted  with  light  deposits 
of  the  l^drous  oxides,  while,  at  intervals,  irregular  masses  of 
ore  are  found. 

Many  of  the  leaves  are  twisted  and  bent,  and  plates  of  hard 
and  brittle  ore  are  seen  following  their  courses,  showing  plainly 
that  this  ore  has  become  what  it  is,  long  after  the  folding  took 
place. 

Jacob  Lichte’s  (or  Liyhty’s.)  (xvu,  99.  No.  121.) 

Situated  about  5T3^  miles*  S.  33°  W.  of  Wellsville. 

It  was  opened  in  October,  1872,  by  Mr.  Henry  Kraber  and 
Levi  Oochenour,  for  three  years,  at  a  royalty  of  75  cents  per 
ton.  They  extracted  about  1,000  tons,  and  agreed  to  take  out 
as  much  as  possible,  suspending  work  in  the  winter.  The  ore 
was  taken  out  by  horse  power  in  a  very  rude  manner  by  an  in¬ 
cline.  The  ore  was  not  washed.  The  water  in  the  mine  was 
pumped  out  b)  hand. 

The  mine  is  a  narrow  cut,  in  which  at  two  points  slopes  were 
begun,  but  terminated  in  thirty -five  feet  from  the  initial  points. 
The  ore  which  was  said  to  occur  in  a  vein  of  about  6  feet  in  thick¬ 
ness,  was  hard  lump  and  rock  ore,  and  was  pronounced  red  short 
by  Mr.  Lighty. 

The  open  work  is  about  fifteen  feet  deep.  A  large  dyke  of 
dolerite  occurs  in  the  roof  of  the  mine  and  apparently  follows 
the  ore  in  the  deep,  and  dipping  about  N. — 45°. 

The  gangue  of  the  ore  is  an  altered  sandstone,  in  fine  layers, 
dipping  JST.  20°  W. — 50°.  It  was  magnetic,  but  no  character¬ 
istic  specimens  were  obtained.  The  north  end  of  the  dip  needle 
was  depressed  50°  in  the  cut — L  e.  North  50°. 


The  following  shafts  in  the  region  of  the  Mesozoic  sandstone 
north  of  the  line  from  Dillsburg  to  Wellsville  are  mentioned 
on  account  of  the  fact  that  some  traces  of  micaceous  ore  have 
been  found  in  some  of  them.  In  addition,  it  is  of  advantage 
to  catalogue  all  the  exploitation  works  of  the  district,  even 
though  they  have  not  succeeded  in  proving  the  presence  of 
ore. 


230  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

Mr.  Altland  reported  a  deflection  of  the  miner’s  compass  of 
10°.  Observations  in  the  same  locality  by  my  party  gave  from 
1°  to  5°.  No  work  has  been  done  here. 

Mr.  Cannon’s  farm  lies  4J  miles  due  east  of  Dillsburg. 

P.  A.  Meyers ’  Pit.  (Xix,  5.  No.  14s.) 

Situated  about  600  feet  south  of  the  corner  of  Cannon’s 
field.  The  shaft  was  sunk  16  feet  deep  through  red  sandstone, 
when  hard  bluish  trap  was  encountered.  Some  of  the  red 
sandstone  from  the  shaft  was  coated  with  micaceous  ore.  The 
shaft  is  partly  caved  in. 

Where  Mr.  Underwood  reported  a  dip  of  170°  with  the  dip 
needle,  one  of  only  2°  was  observed  by  us. 

Flicker's  Trial  Shafts.  (Xix,  6.  No.  144.) 

Situated  about  800  feet  N.  E.  of  Meyers’. 

A  small  shaft  15  feet  deep  has  been  sunk,  since  May,  1875, 
through  loose  masses  of  hard  trap. 

The  dip  of  the  rocks  in  the  bottom  of  the  shaft  is  W.  40° 
N.— 24°. 

Some  asbestiform  hornblende  was  found  in  the  shaft,  and 
also  some  micaceous  ore.  The  shaft  is  being  increased  in  depth. 
Two  men  were  at  work  on  it  at  the  time  it  was  visited,  (July 
7,  1875).  Some  few  specimens  of  rock  were  coated  with  mica¬ 
ceous  ore,  but  the  place  was  probably  exploited  on  account  of 
the  indications  of  the  dip  needle,  and  the  effect  on  the  latter 
was  in  all  probability  produced  by  the  trap  itself,  which  is  fre¬ 
quently  strongly  magnetic. 

The  rocks  are  very  much  broken  in  the  shaft,  and  much  loose 
sand  is  found  there. 

Mr.  Altland  reports  that  one  mile  E.  of  this,  on  the  Kline 
farm,  (now  owned  by  Mr.  Strayer,)  shafts  have  been  sunk,  and 
the  “prospects  are  good.” 

John  KimmeVs  Farm.  (Xix,  8.  No.  145,) 

Situated  about  two-thirds  of  a  mile  north-east  of  Elicker’s. 
Small  amount  of  micaceous  ore  have  been  found  coating  the 
sandstones  of  the  vicinity,  hut  none  in  large  quantity.  Most 
of  the  specimens  thus  found  were  ploughed  up  from  the  soil, 
in  which  they  were  simply  loose  fragments. 


THE  DILLSBURG  GROUP  OF  MINES. 


C.  231 


Cooper’s  Exploitation  Shafts.  (XIX,  19.  No.  146.) 

Situated  about  1J  miles  a  little  east  of  north  of  Wellsville. 

]STo.  1  is  a  shaft  sunk  hy  Messrs.  Cooper  and  Monosmith  two 
years  ago  to  a  depth  of  27  feet.  Fo  ore  was  obtained  and  the 
shaft  has  now  caved  in.  The  first  four  feet  were  sunk  through 
soil  and  loose  sand  of  a  deep  red  color.  Gray  sandstone  ap¬ 
pears  in  the  bottom  of  the  pit. 

No.  2  gave  very  nearly  the  same  record  as  No.  1.  The  rock 
specimens  strongly  deflect  the  needle.  This  shaft  was  20  feet 
deep,  but  has  now  fallen  in.  From  the  fragments  of  rock 
around  its  mouth  the  excavation  must  have  been  to  a  great  ex¬ 
tent  through  the  same  gray  sandstone  met  with  in  No.  1. 

Morganthaler’s  Ore  Shaft.  (Xix,  19.  No.  147.) 

Situated  a  couple  of  hundred  feet  south-west  of  Cooper’s 
shaft,  No.  2,  last  mentioned.  This  place  was  opened  4  years 
ago  by  Jacob  Morganthaler,  and  leased  by  Messrs.  Cooper  and 
Monosmith.  The  lease  has  since  expired.  The  shafts  were 
originally  20  to  30  feet  deep,  but  are  now  almost  completely 
caved  in.  The  ore  obtained  from  all  the  openings  is  strongly 
magnetic. 

The  shafts  marked  2  and  3  on  the  maps  were  connected  by  a 
tunnel  ten  feet  below  the  surface.  From  6  feet  below  the  sur¬ 
face  the  ore  occurred  in  large  lumps. 

About  800  feet  north  by  west  of  these  two  shafts  occurs  a 
field  underlaid  by  an  extensive  deposit  of  plastic  clay,  of  which 
the  constitution  will  probably  accord  with  that  of  Mr.  Griest’s 
clay  analysed  by  Mr.  Ford,  and  to  be  found  on  the  next  page. 

A  dip  in  the  sandstone  appeared  to  be  N.  20°  E. — 58°  (?) 

Michael  Wiley’s  Outcrop.  (Xix,  20.  No.  14s.) 

Situated  about  600  feet  south-west  of  the  last  mentioned. 

Iron  ore  can  be  picked  up  over  a  large  area  around  this 
point.  An  outcrop  of  ore  is  reported  by  Mr.  Lehman  in  front 
of  Mr.  Wiley’s  house. 

A  large  specimen  of  magnetic  ore  was  taken  from  a  point 
1,000  feet  east  of  the  house. 

A  purplish  colored  trap  is  reported  on  the  same  authority  as 
being  found  very  extensively  distributed  over' the  property. 


232  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

Jacob  Brenneman's  Clay  Deposit.  (Xix,  22.  No.  149.) 

Situated  about  one-fourth  of  a  mile  N.  W.  of  the  town  of 
"Wellsville.  No  exploitation  has  been  made  here,  and  the  speci¬ 
mens  selected  were  mere  fragments  of  outcrop  strewn  over  the 
ground.  The  clay  was  said  by  Mr.  Brenneman  to  be  found 
over  the  greater  portion  of  the  farm.  This  region  is  low,  and 
in  many  cases  swampy,  the  clay  deposit  being  found  between 
the  lines  of  low  hills,  which  are  due  to  the  traps  and  the  indura¬ 
ted  rocks  associated  with  and  accompanying  them. 

James  Griest’s  Clay  Beds.  (xix,  23.  No.  150.) 

About  one-fourth  of  a  mile  17.  "W.  of  Mr.  Brenneman’s  Clay 
deposit  is  a  similar  deposit  of  James  Griest. 

No  opening  of  any  extent  has  been  made.  A  quantity  of 
this  clay  was  collected  and  forwarded  to  Harrisburg  for  exami¬ 
nation.  It  yielded  to  Mr.  Ford’s  analysis, 

Per  Cent. 


Silica .  57.590 

Alumina.. .  19.297 

Ferrous  oxide .  6.429 

Lime .  1 .285 

Magnesia .  1.502 

Alkalies .  1.970 

Sulphuric  acid .  0.016 

Water  and  organic  matter .  12.049 


Sum .  100.138 


On  comparing  the  above  analysis  with  any  analysis  of 
good  clays,  it  will  be  seen  to  be  too  low  in  alumina  and  too 
high  in  ferrous  oxide  for  a  good  fire  clay,  and  it  is  only  mod¬ 
erately  good  for  common  bricks. 

J.  Harman's  Exploitation  Pits.  (Xix.  24-25.  No.  151.) 

Situated  a  little  more  than  half  a  mile  N.  W.  of  Griest’s. 

Here  occurs  an  exposed  ridge  of  a  very  coarsely  crystal¬ 
line  syenitic  granite.  This  rock  is  strongly  magnetic  from 
large  numbers  of  fine  crystals  of  magnetite  which  are  scat¬ 
tered  through  it,  but  it  nowhere  assumes  the  character  of  an 
ore.  The  rock  is  anomalous,  and  will  be  treated  at  length  in 
a  future  page  under  the  head  of  “the  igneous  rocks.” 

The  deflection  of  the  dip  needle  at  the  S.  E.  side  of  the  pit 
was  46°.  On  the  other  side  it  varied  from  5°  to  25°.  In  the 


THE  DILLSBURG  GROUP  OF  MINES. 


C.  233 


pit  the  deflection  was  only  5°.  The  pit  was  dug  by  Daniel 
Altland  two  years  ago,  and  was  at  one  time  14  feet  deep,  but 
has  now  caved  in. 

Ore  is  reported  as  having  been  taken  out  here,  and  from  the 
adjoining  farm  bought  by  Mr.  Altland  from  Mr.  Burd,  but  no 
indications  of  ore  were  observed. 

John  Gerber’s  Exploitation  Pit  (Xix,  26.  No.  152.) 
Situated  about  1,000  feet  U.  E.  of  James  Griest’s.  A  shallow 
pit  of  4  feet  or  more  has  been  dug  by  the  roadside.  Frag¬ 
ments  of  a  light  yellowish  rock  were  found,  much  disintegrated, 
and  covered  with  ferrous  hydrate. 

Daniel  G.  Altland’ s  Exploitation  Pits .  (Xix,  27.  No.  153.) 
Situated  on  his  land  about  one  mde  W.  of  Wellsville.  Some 
very  shallow  pits  were  made  about  a  year  ago,  and  some  rock 
impregnated  with  ferrous  hydrate  was  taken  out. 

Henry  Comfort’s  Ore  Pits ,  (Xix,  28.  No.  154.) 

Situated  about  one-third  of  a  mile  south-west  of  the  last  men¬ 
tioned  pits.  Some  small  openings  were  made  here  by  Daniel 
Altland  for  Mr.  Kraber,  of  York,  two  years  ago.  Light  col¬ 
ored  sandstones,  with  a  few  patches  of  lean  ore  were  found. 
John  Underwood  also  worked  to  a  small  extent,  and  has  now  a 
lease  on  the  farm,  but  has  done  no  work.  An  outcrop  of  dol- 
erite  is  inferred  from  a  large  number  of  boulders  of  this  rock 
strung  along  the  road. 

The  ore  is  feebly  magnetic. 

An  analysis  of  specimens  of  Comfort’s  ore  was  made  by  Mr. 
D.  M’Creath,  and  is  as  follows:  • 


Per  cent. 

Per  cent 

Ferrous  oxide . 

...  8.485  ) 

Metallic  iron . 

33.450 

Iron  sesquioxide. . . 

...  38.357  $ 

Alumina . 

Manganous  oxide... 

Metallic  manganese... 

trace. 

Lime .  . 

...  2.620 

Magnesia . 

...  0.627 

Sulphuric  oxide. . . . 

Sulphur . 

0.045 

Phosphoric  oxide... 

Phosphorus . 

0.105 

Water . 

...  2.515 

Insoluble  residue . . 

. ..  43.490 

Sum . 

...  99.451 

Loss . . 

...  0.549 

Total . . 

...  100.000 

16  C. 


234  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

David  Cadwalader's  Ore  Pits.  (Xix,  29.  No.  154  a.) 

Situated  on  the  opposite  (north)  side  of  the  road  from  Com¬ 
fort’s.  The  diggings  were  made  by  Mr.  Altland,  four  years 

ago,  who  then  had  a  lease  on  the  property.  The  conditions  of 
the  occurrence  here  are  similar  to  those  at  Comfort’s,  across  the 
road. 

« 

The  pits  were  originally  fourteen  feet  deep,  but  are  now 
caved  in. 

Joseph  Bentz' s  Farm . 

An  analysis  of  a  magnetic  ore  taken  from  the  farm  of  Jos. 
Bentz,  about  two  miles  south-west  of  Wellsville,  was  made  by 
Mr.  D.  M’Creath,  is  given  below : 


Fer  cent. 

Per  cent. 

Ferrous  oxide . 

Iron  sesquioxide . . . 

...  11.700  ) 

Metallic  iron . 

63.700 

...  78.000  S 

Alumina . . . 

...  5.420 

Manganous  oxide . . 

Metallic  manganese. . . 

0.367 

Lime . 

...  0.280 

Magnesia . 

...  0.169 

Sulphuric  oxide. . . . 

Sulphur . 

0.031 

Phosphoric  oxide... 

Phosphorus . 

0.044 

Water . 

...  0.250 

Insoluble  residue . . . 

...  3.120 

Sum . 

..  99.783 

Loss . 

0.217 

Total . 

..  100.000 

Mr.  Bentz  is  of  the  belief  that  his  whole  farm  is  underlaid 
by  this  ore. 

J.  Marshall's  Exploitation  Pits,  (xix,  so.  No.  155.) 

At  the  road  corners  near  J.  Marshall’s  house  is  an  outcrop  of 
micaceous  ore  in  the  boulders  of  trap. 

The  color  of  the  soil  changes  from  a  light  drab  to  a  yellow¬ 
ish  red.  No  ore  was  shown,  but  the  place  is  but  little  off  the 
line  of  strike  of  ore  in  the  Altland  bank. 

John  Shluthower’s  Shaft.  (Xix,  so.  No.  156 .) 

Situated  about  If  miles  south-west  of  Wellsville.  It  was 
commenced  last  fall  and  is  42  feet  deep.  No  ore  was  observ¬ 
able.  The  shaft  was  sunk  through  a  bluish-green  hard  rock. 
Some  of  the  fragments  taken  out  have  a  bright  green  color 
from  malachite.  The  material  was  the  same  to  the  bottom  of 
the  shaft,  except  a  few  feet  of  loose  sandstone  at  the  top. 


. 


- 


THE  DILLSBURG  GROUP  OP  MINES. 


C.  235 


The  Mine  School-house  or  Altland  Ore  Bank.  ( xix ,  35.  No.  121.) 

Ore  was  first  discovered  in  the  vicinity  of  the  present  work¬ 
ings  about  70  years  ago.  It  was  picked  up  on  the  surface  of 
the  ground  in  lumps  of  irregular  and  various  size.  The  prop¬ 
erty  was  then,  as  now,  in  the  hands  of  the  school  trustees,  hav¬ 
ing  been  donated  to  the  county  many  years  before. 

Mr.  Dan’l  G.  Altland,  Jr.  first  remarked  the  presence  of  ore 
in  August,  1872.  He  found  and  dug  up  numerous  large  masses 
of  mixed  micaceous  and  magnetic  ore  at  stations  3,226 — 27> 
and  at  3  ( See  plan  of  south-west  gangway). 

A  shaft  has  passed  through  5  feet  of  soil  and  25  feet  of  sand¬ 
stone,  and  struck  a  6  foot  bed  of  micaceous  ore,  the  foot  wall 
of  which  was  the  same  sandstone  as  the  hanging  rock,  but 
harder.  The  slope  then  followed  the  dip  of  the  sandstones  un¬ 
til  it  abutted  upon  a  dyke  of  trap  which  barred  further  pro¬ 
gress  for  the  time. 

A  larger  shaft,  7'X8r,  was  sunk  in  November,  1872,  (No. 
3.132  B)  and  is  now  in  operation  by  M’Cormick  &  Co. 

The  lease  was  made  by  the  school  trustees  to  Messrs.  Alt¬ 
land,  Beitzland  &  Hetrick  in  1871,  for  5  years. 

It  was  re-leased  in  1872  by  the  same  parties  for  ten  years. 
Mr.  Hetrick  retired  a  few  months  afterwards,  selling  his  interest 
to  Mr.  Altland. 

M’Cormick  &  Co.  bought  Mr.  Beitzland’s  interest.  The  pre¬ 
sent  proprietors  of  mining  rights  pay  85  cents  per  ton  to  the 
trustees  of  the  school  board,  with  the  guarantee  that  this 
royalty  shall  be  paid  upon  at  least  500  tons  annually.  Since 
the  virtual  ownership  and  direction  of  the  mine  by  M’Cormick 
&  Co.  only  the  main  shaft  has  been  in  operation. 

At  first  this  company  paid  to  Mr.  Altland  85  cents  per  ton 
for  his  interest  in  the  ore  and  85  cents  to  the  trustees,  making 
in  all  $1  70  of  royalties,  but  more  recently  the  royalties  were 
reduced  to  60  cents  to  the  trustees  and  50  cents  to  Mr.  Altland. 

Sandstone  carries  the  ore.  The  top  rock  is  a  light  greenish 
gray  hard  sandstone,  and  the  bottom  rock  bluish  gray  and 
very  hard. 

The  trap  rises  and  cuts  off  the  continuity  of  layers  along 
the  dip,  as  shown  in  Fig.  1  and  Fig.  2, 


2 8G  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR  ,  REPORT  OP  PROGRESS,  1875. 

The  ore  lies  between  the  sandstones  in  regular  layers  varying 
from  6  inches  to  7  feet,  with  occasional  sandstone  partings- 
(See  Fig.  1.) 

The  ore  is  frequently  found  continuing  a  short  distance  into 
the  trap.  The  approximate  position  of  the  latter  will  be  seen 
from  the  illustrations. 

The  boundary  between  trap  and  sandstone  is  very  clearly  de¬ 
fined. 

Ore  has  also  been  found  in  the  17.  W.  side  of  the  dyke,  but 
thus  far  not  in  paying  quantities. 

Dip  of  the  sandstone  £7.  W — 81°  to  35°. 

Both  gangways  have  been  driven  almost  level  along  the 
strike  with  the  trap  dyke  as  the  hanging  wall  on  the  17.  AV. 
side. 

Sixty  feet  down  the  shaft,  and  on  a  level  50  feet  17.  W.  of  it, 
the  sandstone  dips  17.  30°  W. — 30°.  The  trap  dips  17.  30°  W. 
— 30°.  The  wall  of  trap  is  four  feet  thick.  Thirty  feet  north 
of  the  shaft  two  or  three  yards  of  rock  in  contact  with  the 
dyke  showed  no  ore,  but  the  vein  was  proved  from  this  point 
up  to  day  and  south  to  the  shaft. 

Five  or  six  tons  are  taken  out  per  day.  Formerly  more  were 
extracted. 

Thirteen  hands  are  employed — nearly  all  in  the  mine.  The 
ore  is  drawn  out  by  horse  whim  in  buckets.  A  railroad  is 
laid  in  the  gangways,  and  cars  transport  the  ore  from  the  head¬ 
ings  to  the  shaft.  The  water  is  pumped  out  by  a  Hardwick 
steam  pump  The  accumulation  of  twenty -four  hours  is  thus 
disposed  of  in  two  hours. 

The  ore,  (which  is  all  used  by  M’Cormick  &  Co.  of  Harris¬ 
burg,)  is  hauled  to  Dillsburg  by  private  teams  for  shipment 
over  the  Dillsburg  Branch  of  the  Cumberland  Valley  Railroad 
to  Harrisburg.  The  teams  charge  $1  35  per  ton,  and  carry  5 
tons  to  a  load  per  six  horses.  The  ore  is  very  micaceous. 

Over  4,000  tons  have  been  already  taken  out. 

An  analysis  of  the  ore  from  the  Mine  Bank  was  made  by 
Mr.  David  M’Creath,  and  resulted  as  follows: 

l’er  cent. 

82 .607  Metallic  iron . . . 

0.222  Metallic  copper 
4.843 


Iron  sesquioxide 
Cupric  oxide. . . . 
Alumina . 


Per  cent. 
.  57.825 
,  0.177 


Second  Geological  Survey  of  Pennsylvania. 


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THE  DILLSBURG  GROUP  OF  MINES. 


C.  237 


Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

Manganese  sesquioxide, 

0.041 

Metallic  manganese. . . 

.  0.029 

Lime . 

0.760 

Magnesia . 

0.918 

Sulphuric  oxide . . 

0.150 

Sulphur . 

.  0.060 

Phosphoric  oxide . 

Trace. 

Phosphorus . . . 

Carbonic  oxide . 

0.123 

Water . 

1.277 

Insoluble  residue . 

9.530 

Sum . 

100.471 

On  Solomon  Greist’s  property,  on  the  Carlisle  road,  and  on 
the  west  flank  of  the  Mine  Bank  Ridge,  large  boulders  of  ore 
are  to  be  observed  lying  loose. 

About  three-fourths  of  a  mile  E.  of  the  Mine  Bank,  a  red 
sandy  shale  dips  N.W.  1.5°  on  the  lower  part  of  Mine  Bank 
Ridge.  The  upper  part  of  the  ridge  is  composed  of  a  yellow¬ 
ish  gray  rock  of  this  same  nature.* 

Franklin  Cook  son's  Exploitation  Pit.  (Xix,  42.  No.  157 .) 

Mr.  D.  Altland  sank  a  pit  on  Mr.  Cookson’s  farm  last  Au¬ 
gust.  The  opening  is  through  a  hard  and  tine-grained  sand¬ 
stone,  much  of  which  was  coated  with  micaceous  ore. 

The  dip  needle  showed  a  deflection  of  2°  North.  A  bed  of  ore 
is  said  to  have  been  struck  at  8  feet  below  the  surface  which 
measured  2  feet  to  2  feet  4  inches  in  thickness.  East  of  the 
opening  about  20  feet  an  out  crop  of  hard  mud-rock  dips  about 
north-west,  strength  uncertain. 

A  magnetic  ore  from  the  farm  of  Mr.  S.  Marsh,  about  1} 
miles  south-east  of  W ellsville,  was  analysed  by  Mr.  D.  M’Creath 
and  yielded — 


Per  cent 

Per  cent. 

Ferrous  oxide . 

..  20.442) 

Metallic  iron . 

63.600 

Iron  sesquioxide. . . . 

..  68.142  S 

Alumina . 

Manganous  oxide . . . 

..  0.278 

Metallic  manganese . . . 

0.216 

Lime . 

..  1.570 

Magnesia . 

Sulphuric  oxide . 

..  0.225 

Sulphur . 

0.090 

Phosphoric  oxide  . . . 

..  0.448 

Phosphorus . 

0.096 

Insoluble  residue.. . . 

Sum .  100.207 


Mr.  D.  Altland  reports  that  he  has  followed  the  range  of  the  Mine  Bank 
ore  about  seven  miles  S.  W.  into  Adams  county,  and  four  miles  N.  E.  by 
means  of  numerous  outcrops  and  trial  shafts.  He  asserts  that  a  ridge  is«on- 
tinuous  for  this  entire  distance,  (II  miles). 


238  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

W.  R.  Smith’s  Exploitation  Pits.  ( xix ,  90.  No  119.) 

Situated  about  one  mile  north  of  the  junction  of  the  Lit¬ 
tle  Conewago  and  Bermudian.  The  openings  were  made  in 
January,  1875,  and  are  two  in  number  and  about  8  feet  deep. 
The  first  three  feet  was  through  a  very  hard  blue  mud-rock, 
then  through  a  soft  greenish  sandstone  in  which  its  ore  was 
found  in  seams  of  from  1"  to  8"  in  thickness. 

The  ore  does  not  generally  affect  the  magnetic  needle,  but 
some  specimens  are  magnetic. 

The  rock  in  the  pit  is  said  to  dip  R.  20°  W. — 45°. 

A  crude  observation  made  it  H.  W. — 20°. 

Some  micaceous  and  magnetic  ore  were  found  among  the 
sandstone. 

The  east  flank  of  a  spur  of  the  Black  Ridge,  west  of  W.  R. 
Smith’s,  is  composed  of  doleritic  trap. 

Jacob  T.  Smith’s  Exploitation  Pits  and  Shaft,  (xix,  94.  No.  158 .) 

Situated  about  three-fourths  mile  south-west  of  W.  R. 
Smith’s  at  a  sharp  bend  in  the  Bermudian.  The  mining  rights 
were  leased  and  some  pits  dug  by  Mr.  Wells,  of  Wellsville,  one 
year  ago.  A  shaft  35  feet  deep  was  driven  through  sandstone 
and  hard,  indurated  mud  rock,  the  latter  occurring  in  the  up¬ 
per  part.  Some  fine  specimens  of  micaceous  ore  were  obtained 
here.  A  slope  penetrates  the  rocks  at  a  sharp  angle  north  30° 
west.  The  general  dip  of  the  measures  is  north  45°,  west — 30°. 

These  openings  are  all  more  or  less  filled  with  water  at  the 
present  time. 

A  tunnel  has  been  driven  in  on  the  adjoining  Hess  property. 
Very  little  if  any  of  the  ore  showed  magnetism. 

About  quarter  of  a  mile  west  of  Mr.  J.  Smith’s  house  Mr.  J. 
Drownson  sank  a  slope,  from  which  were  extracted  yellowish 
green  sandstone  more  or  less  filled  with  micaceous  scales.  The 
shaft  sunk  by  J.  Smith  is  about  150  feet  south-west  of  this. 

In  the  shaft  12  feet  was  driven  through  various  forms  of 
mud  rock,  when  8  to  10  inches  of  micaceous  ore  are  reported 
to  have  been  found  beneath,  which  was  an  impure  limestone, 
stained  black. (?) 

The  dip  here  appeared  to  be  N.  15°  W. — 45°. 


THE  DILLSBURG  GROUP  OF  MINES. 


C.  239 


At  the  Bermudian,  just  below  here,  the  rocks  are  well  ex¬ 
posed,  dipping  ]ST.  30°  W. — 35°.  On  the  strike  of  this  bed  of 
ore,  and  where  it  should  appear  on  the  side  of  the  deep  cutting 
made  by  the  Bermudian  creek,  two  exposures  of  double  yel¬ 
lowish  green  sandstones,  in  each  case  the  layers  separated  by 
about  1J  feet  of  softer  rock,  occur  on  the  hillside,  with  an  in¬ 
terval  of  50  feet  between  them  ;  but  in  these  instances  the 
gangway  appear  to  contain  no  ore,  while  at  the  shaft  it  is  in 
very  similar  material  that  the  ore  was  found.  This  offers  a 
good  illustration  of  the  capriciousness  of  these  deposits,  which 
are  neither  constant  in  the  direction  of  dip  nor  in  that  of 
strike. 

Mr.  Abraham  Hickey  opened  a  shaft  on  his  farm,  adjoining 
that  of  Mr.  Smith’s,  and  sank  for  25  feet.  Some  piles  of  ore, 
said  to  come  from  there,  were  found  by  the  side  of  the  road 
near  Mr.  Smith’s  gate  post.  It  does  not  differ  in  general  ap¬ 
pearance  from  that  which  Mr.  Smith  obtained. 


240  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

Iron  Ore  Banks  on  the  N.  W.  Flank  of  the  South  Mountain , 
in  Cumberland  and  Franklin  Counties. 

Medler  £  Saylor's  Bank.  ( xx ,  48.  No.  159 .) 

This  large  excavation  lies  close  alongside  that  of  the  Thomas 
Iron  Company,  and  separated  by  it  from  the  road.  It  is  a  lit¬ 
tle  over  a  mile  south-east  of  Papertown.  Its  area  is  over  two 
acres  ;  its  depth  below  the  surface  30  feet  on  its  south-east  side 
and  20  feet  on  the  north-west. 

It  was  originally  opened  thirty  years  ago  by  Geist  &  Krauft, 
who  took  out  very  little  ore,  and  the  mine  remained  idle  until 
1870,  when  Messrs.  Medler  &  Saylor  took  the  work  in  hand. 
It  was  leased  from  the  Paper  Company  of  Papertown,  which 
owns  the  property,  to  which  a  royalty  of  75  cents  per  ton  is 
paid,  with  the  agreement  that  4,000  tons  shall  be  annually 
taken  out. 

This  company  stopped  work  last  fall,  having  up  to  that  time 
taken  out  40,000  to  50,000  tons.  The  average  daily  yield  is  70 
to  80  tons. 

Forty-five  men  are  employed  and  one  35-horse  power  engine, 
consuming  three-fourths  ton  anthracite  per  day.  The  wages 
were  $1  40  per  day,  up  to  1874,  since  which  time  $1  00  has 
been  paid.  The  engineer  receives  $40  00  per  month.  The 
pump  shaft  is  40  feet  long.  *  Two  Thomas  washers  are  employed 
Water  is  plenty,  and  is  obtained  from  mountain  springs  and 
from  a  back  creek.  Medler,  Saylor  &  Co.’s  lease  runs  from  1870 
for  fifteen  years.  The  appearance  of  the  strata  exposed  in  the 
banks  of  this  mine  resembles  that  in  the  Thomas  Iron  Co.’s 
mine. 

The  mine  is  not  at  present  wrought. 


IRON  ORE  BANKS  ON  SOUTH  MOUNTAIN. 


C.  241 


Thomas  Iron  Co.’s  Bank.  ( xx ,  4.  No.  m.) 

Situated  200  feet  north-east  of  the  last  named.  It  was 
opened  about  five  or  six  years  ago  by  Zachariah  Boyer.  It  has 
been  wrought  for  the  Thomas  Iron  Co.  for  the  last  18  months, 
Mr.  Jos.  Kirkslager  having  had  possession  of  it  between  the 
times  of  its  occupation  by  Mr.  Boyer  and  the  Thomas  Iron  Co. 
All  the  leases  are  from  the  Paper  Co.,  of  Papertown,  which 
owns  the  property.  Mr.  Boyer  paid  75  cents  per  ton  to  the 
Paper  Co.  The  Thomas  Iron  Co.  paid  40  cents  The  average 
production  is  said  to  have  been  about  30  tons  per  day,  but  the 
mine  is  said  to  be  now  nearly  exhausted.  One  washer  and  one 
two-horse  power  engine  are  employed. 

Plenty  of  surface  water  for  washing  was  obtained  from  a 
mountain  stream.  The  bank  was  drained  through  a  tunnel  in 
which  a  railroad  connected  the  bank  with  the  South  Moun¬ 
tain  railroad.  At  present  it  is  no  longer  wrought  and  is  half 
full  of  water.  Its  area  is  about  1J  acres. 

These  Mount  Holly  ore  banks,  taken  together,  occupy  two 
acres,  more  or  less,  (see  map,)  and  are  very  large  excavations. 
In  the  south-east  heading  of  that  one  nearest  the  road  the  edges 
of  the  slates,  now  converted  into  clay,  are  plainly  visible,  and 
appear  to  retain  their  shape  and  position,  with  a  dip  of  W. 
30°  H. — 55°. 

Bands  of  testaceous  limonite  are  interbedded  with  the  slates 
or  are  concretionary  in  character.  The  walls  of  the  bank  are 
about  40  feet  high.  At  the  north-west  side,  where  the  inclined 
railroad  is  situated,  these  clays  are  of  pink,  white  and  yellow 
color,  are  much  convoluted  and  appear  to  roll  with  north-west 
and  south-east  dips. 

Some  red  oxide  of  iron  is  mixed  with  the  ore  and  stains  the 
clays  in  places  a  brick  red,  but  not  a  great  deal  is  now  visible. 
The  bank  has  been  closed  for  about  one  year. 

An  analysis  of  a  number  of  the  best  specimens  which  could 
be  obtained  from  this  bank  gave  Mr.  D.  M’Creath  the  follow¬ 
ing  results: 

© 

Per  cent.  Per  cent. 

Ferrous  oxide .  . 

Iron  sesquioxide .  46 .214  Metallic  iron . .  32 .352 

Alumina .  2.654 

Manganese  sesquioxide..  1.944 


Metallic  Manganese . . . 


1.354 


242  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 


Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

Lime . 

0.260 

Magnesia . 

0.540 

Sulphuric  oxide . 

0.222  Sulphur . 

.  0.088 

Phosphoric  oxide . 

3.472  Phosphorus . 

.  L516 

Water . 

9.840 

Insoluble  residue . 

34.840 

Sum . 

99.986 

Undetermined  and  loss. . 

0.014 

Total . 

100.000 

Of  course  this  will  not  furnish  a  correct  idea  of  the  average 
value  of  the  ore  while  the  mine  is  in  active  operation,  because  the 
wash  of  the  rains  will  have  both  added  unduly  to  the  residue 
and  reduced  thereby  the  per  cent  of  metallic  iron.  The  phos¬ 
phate  present  being  very  insoluble  also  are  more  concentrated 
in  their  surface  specimens  than  in  the  commercial  ore. 

Widow  Bruch’s  Ore  Bank,  (XX,  67— x vi,  75.  No.  151.) 

Situated  about  1J  miles  south-east  of  Idaville,  in  Hunting¬ 
don  township,  Adams  county.  The  main  excavation  covers 
about  half  an  acre,  but  has  now  almost  entirely  fallen  shut. 
From  Mr.  Benj.  Asper,  who  lives  on  the  adjoining  property, 
the  following  facts  were  ascertained: 

Matthew  &  Duncan  opened  the  property  about  40  years  ago. 
The  ore  was  used  in  the  old  Whitestown  furnace.  The  deposit 
(of  which  the  outcrop  is  seen  yet  in  the  road)  proved  tolerably 
regular  at  first.  The  bank  was  dug  about  50  feet  deep  and  a 
drift  was  commenced  at  the  bottom.  Some  of  the  ore  was 
washed,  and  Mr.  Asper  thinks  it  was  magnetic.  It  was  hauled 
out  by  hand  windlass  and  all  sent  to  Whitestown  (or  Idaville). 
The  mining  operations  were  seriously  interfered  with  and 
finally  stopped  by  the  encroachment  of  the  water  on  the  works. 
It  was  made  into  pigs  and  sold  from  Whitestown. 

A  new  place  behind  the  barn  was  opened  3  years  ago.  The 
old  bank  was  wrought  till  20  years  ago. 

The  ore  in  the  old  bank  is  said  to  be  at  present  exhausted. 

Peter  Dalhammer’s  property  lies  south  of  the  bank.  Ore  is 
found  lying  about  the  surface.  A  great  deal  of  trap  is  found 
lying  along-side  the  road.  Mr.  Dalhammer  reports  the  pre¬ 
sence  of  a  dyke  in  place  in  the  field  to  the  west.  A  trial  shaft 
sunk  in  the  orchard  revealed  large  masses  of  ore. 


IRON  ORE  BANKS  ON  SOUTH  MOUNTAIN. 


C.  243 


Chestnut  Grove  Furnace ,  near  Whitestown ,  ( Idaville ,)  Adams  Co. 
(. Information  Derived  from  Mr.  C.  Wharton). 

This  furnace  was  built  in  1837,  by  Duncan  &  Mahon. 

The  dimensions  were, 


Height .  30 

Boshes .  8' 


It  was  used  solely  as  a  cold  blast  furnace,  and  was  blown  at 
first  by  the  old  Dottener  tubs,  which  only  blew  one  way.  The 
ore  was  obtained  from  a  bank  about  one  mile  south-east  of  the 
furnace,  and  was  purely  magnetic  and  of  very  great  richness. 
The  water  power  was  limited,  so  that  as  a  consequence  with 
light  power,  weak  blast,  refractory  ore,  and  a  low  stack,  the 
fact  that  the  furnace  often  chilled  is  not  to  be  wondered  at. 
In  fact  it  never  cleaned  its  hearth  out  well,  and  the  slag  was 
largely  mixed  with  iron.  Owing  to  the  above  fact,  the  owners 
could  do  nothing  with  it,  and  it  came  into  the  hands  of  John¬ 
ston  &  Lyons,  and  then  to  Mr.  Johnston  alone. 

The  latter  was  equally  unfortunate  in  his  attempt  to  make 
the  furnace  pay,  and  it  was  finally  bought  by  Charles  Whar¬ 
ton,  who  had  it  in  operation  from  1850  to  1855,  and  again  from 
1858  to  1801.  Since  the  last  date,  although  the  property  of 
Mr.  Wharton,  the  furnace  has  been  run  by  other  persons,  and 
(up  to  the  panic  of  1874,  when  it  was  blown  out,)  without  pecu¬ 
niary  success. 

The  furnace  was  in  operation  altogether  about  *25  years. 
After  Mr.  Wharton  assumed  the  management  he  got  magnetic 
ores  from  Dillsburg  and  limonite  from  Mt.  Holly. 

The  furnace  is  now  partially  dismantled  and  idle. 

The  average  consumption  of  fuel  was  600  bushels  @  5  cents 
per  bushel  delivered  at  the  furnace  bank. 

Albert  Ore  Bank ,  ( near  Whitestoivn) 

Situated  about  1  mile  S.  E.  of  Idaville. 

It  was  leased  by  Duncan  &  Mahon,  and  afterwards  by 
Johnson  and  Lyons,  up  to  about  1840.  The  character  of  the 
ore  was  decidedly  magnetic.  The  average  daily  yield  of  the 
mine  was  ten  tons  per  day,  of  which  one-third  was  lump  ore 
and  was  burned,  the  balance  was  wash  ore. 


244  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 


The  employees  of  furnace  and  ore  bank  together,  were  as 
follows : 


Founder . 

Keepers . 

Gutterman . 

Fillers . 

Bankman . 

Coal  stacker . 

Blacksmith . 

Ore  bank  hands . 

Choppers  and  colliers 
Teamsters . 


1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

15 

40 

7  (half  of  the  year.) 


Total  number  of  hands . 71 

An  engine  of  15  horse  power  was  erected  in  1851. 

The  average  quantity  of  fuel  consumed  daily  was  600  bush¬ 
els.  There  was  no  machinery  of  importance. 

For  15  years  the  product  of  the  furnace  was  sent  by  wagon 
to  Carlisle  at  a  cost  of  $1  per  ton.  During  the  last  five  or  ten 
years  it  was  carted  to  Hunter’s  Run  Station,  on  the  South 
Mountain  railroad,  4  miles  distant,  for  which  50  cents  per  ton 
was  paid.  This  would  amount  to  12 J  cents  per  ton  per  mile. 

Five  teams  were  owned  by  the  company  and  five  were  hired 
by  the  load. 

The  Albert  mine  has  been  abandoned  for  many  years,  owing 
to  the  expense  of  mining. 

Work  was  impeded  before  it  was  entirely  stopped  by  an  ex¬ 
cess  of  water,  though  it  is  probable  that  with  modern  ap¬ 
pliances  the  difficulty  could  be  overcome. 

The  ore  was  taken  out  altogether  by  cart. 

In  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Wharton,  the  Dillsburg  banks  are  (to 
some  extent  at  least)  stratified,  but  often  run  into  clay.  The 
Albert  ore  seemed  to  be  merely  a  nest  or  pocket  of  some  thous¬ 
ands  of  tons,  with  no  stratification  and  no  more  ore  in  the 
neighborhood. 

During  the  time  that  a  judicious  mixture  of  the  magnetic 
and  hematite  ores  was  made,  guided  by  an  extensive  experience 
of  the  properties  of  the  Dillsburg  and  Mt.  Holly  ores,  the  iron 
manufactured  was  of  superior  quality  for  boiler-plate  and  other 
purposes  for  which  great  tensile  attributed  strength  is  re¬ 
quired.  Its  possession  of  these  qualities  is  by  Mr.  Wharton 
to  the  magnetic  ore. 

o 


IRON  ORE  BANKS  ON  SOUTH  MOUNTAIN. 


C.  245 


Centre  Mills  Ore  Deposits.  (. Information  derived  from  Mr.  Chas. 

Wharton.)  {No.  ws.) 

Centre  Mills  is  a  small  settlement  lying  about  2J  miles  south¬ 
east  of  Bendersville,  at  a  point  where  the  Iclaville-Gettysburg 
road  crosses  Opossum  creek.  In  1864  ore  was  found  on  several 
farms  in  the  vicinity  of  this  settlement. 

A  vein  (bed?)  was  found  from  15  to  24  inches  thick,  dipping 
at  an  angle  of  about  45°,  and  continuing  below  the  water  level 
so  far  as  to  render  it  impracticable  to  mine  it  economically  on 
account  of  the  intrusion  of  water.  The  ore  was  of  tine  quality ; 
in  fact  too  rich  to  work  without  admixture  with  a  leaner  ore. 

The  following  letter  from  Dr.  Genth  (kindly  furnished  me 
for  publication  by  Mr.  Wharton)  will  give  the  chemical  char¬ 
acter  of  the  ore : 

C.  A.  Poizat  &  Co.,  1 

108-112  Arch  St.,  >  ,  _  _  _  „  »  ~ 

Philadelphia.  )  “  PHILADELPHIA,  July  25,  1868. 

u  Mr.  Chas.  Wharton ,  Esq.,  225  N.  Third  St.,  Phila. : 

“  Dear  Sir  : — -An  average  sample  of  the  two  lumps  of  mag¬ 
netic  iron  ore,  which  I  have  examined  at  your  request,  con¬ 
tains  67.97  per  cent  of  metallic  iron,  no  sulphur  and  0.17  per 
cent  phosphoric  acid,  equal  to  0.07  per  cent  of  phosphorus.  It 
contains  also  a  minute  quantity  of  manganese. 

“Yours  truly, 

“  F.  A.  GENTH.” 


This  ore  lies  regularly  between  a  continuous  roof  and  floor, 
but  its  extent,  is  not  known. 

Mr.  Wharton  adds  that  owing  to  the  thinness  of  the  seams 
(15  to  24  inches)  it  was  too  expensive  to  mine,  but  the  hanging 
and  foot  walls  were  maintained  throughout  the  entire  course 
of  the  exploitation. 

The  following  is  a  partial  analysis  by  Dr.  Genth  of  the  pig 
made  from  this  ore : 


C.  A.  Poizat  &  Co.,  1 

10philadeTphfat.'’  \  PHILADELPHIA,  Oct.  21,  1868. 

Charles  Wharton,  Esq.,  225  N.  Third  St.,  Phila. : 

Dear  Sir: — The  sample  of  cast  iron  which  I  have  examined 
at  your  request  contained—  / 


246  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 


Phosphorus .  0.147 

Sulphur .  0.026 

Silicon .  0.560 

Yours  truly, 

(Signed)  F.  A.  GEYTH. 

Pine  Grove  Ore  Banks  and  Limestone  Quarries  and  Furnace. 

Are  situated  at  the  terminus  of  the  South  Mountain  railroad, 
in  a  valley  between  the  main  ridge  of  the  South  mountain  and 
a  couple  of  outlying  spurs,  about  twelve  miles  south-west  of 
Carlisle,  in  Cumberland  county. 

The  Thomas  Iron  Co.'s  Ore  Bank.  ( xx ,  92.  No.  164.) 

Situated  on  the  side  of  the  mountain,  about  three-fourths  of 
a  mile  south  of  the  furnace.  It  was  opened  in  1874,  and  work 
was  continued  for  several  months,  but  the  ore  had  not  been 
used  up  to  September,  1875.  The  general  dip  of  the  ore  was 
said  to  be  south-east  and  into  the  mountain.  The  ore  is  to  be 
washed  at  the  mine.  Twelve  men  are  employed  and  one  en¬ 
gine  of  40-horse  power.  The  ore  is  to  be  smelted  at  Pine  Grove 
Furnace.  The  ore  was  wash  or  screen  ore.  There  is  said  to  be  a 
large  body  of  ore  not  yet  reached  underlying  the  present  work¬ 
ings.  Six  to  ten  feet  of  stripping  overlies  the  ore.  Test  pits  have 
been  sunk  from  50  to  100  feet  above  (south  of)  this  bank,  in 
which  limestone  has  been  found.  The  shafts  have  now  fallen 
shut. 

The  bank  in  its  present  state  lies  on  the  north  side  of  the 
Bendersville-Pine  Grove  road,  and  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile 
from  the  furnace  erected  at  the  latter  place.  Its  area  covers 
about  one-fifth  of  an  acre.  The  walls  are  25  to  30  feet  deep 
through  loose  clay  and  rock  fragments.  The  ore  is  a  testaceous 
and  concretionary  limonite,  in  which  much  red  oxide  is  inter¬ 
mixed.  The  seams  appear  to  be  lying  in  their  natural  positioin 
as  evidenced  by  the  yellow  and  white  plates  of  clay  which  were 
found  to  cut  the  walls  of  the  bank. 

One  of  these  seams  appeared  to  dip  Y.  W. — ?,  but  this  was 
very  uncertain.  Many  instances  might  be  mentioned  where 
the  loose  edges  of  such  sott  seams  of  rock  bend  downwards  in 
time  so  as  to  form  a  minute  anticlinal  roll  whose  axis  is  a  very 
few  feet  inside  of  the  exposed  wall,  so  that  while  to  the  ob¬ 
server  facing  such  a  wall  the  clay  layers  seem  to  be  dipping  to- 


IRON  ORE  BANKS  ON  SOUTH  MOUNTAIN. 


C.  247 


wards  him,  on  removing  a  few  feet  of  this  wall  the  dip  is  proved 
to  be  away  from  him. 

Limestone  Quarries  of  the  Thomas  Iron  Co.  (AJ,  94.  No.  164  a .) 

Two  large  quarries  lie  about  a  thousand  feet  south-east  of 
the  village  of  Pine  Grove.  The  northernmost  has  an  area 
of  about  three  and  a  fourth  acres,  and  the  southernmost 
(distant  only  150  feet)  of  a  little  more  than  five  acres.  They 
were  opened  many  years  ago,  and  are  now  leased  from  the 
Thomas  Iron  Company  by  Mr.  Chas.  Stewart,  who  pays  a  roy 
alty  of  one  cent  per  bushel.  The  dips  obtained  in  a  series  of 
small  quarries  west  of  the  south  quarry  were,  S.  60°  E. — 30° ; 
S.  30°  E.— 40  ;  and  S.  30°  E.— 45°. 

Limonite  was  taken  out  of  these  larger  excavations  many 
years  ago,  one  block  thus  taken  out  weighing  30  tons.  The 
limestone  in  these  quarries  is  whitish  blue,  yellowish,  and  bluish 
white.  It  is  said  to  be  very  pure  and  good.  Limestone  is  said  to 
have  been  found  in  place  one-half  mile  up  the  mountain  side 
from  this  quarry. 

Hote. — Analyses  of  this  limestone  will  be  found  011  another 
page  of  this  report. 

Sami.  Wolfe’s  Ore  Exploitation  Pits,  (xxiv,  42.  No.  165.) 

Situated  about  a  mile  W.  of  Greenwood,  in  Franklin 
county. 

A  small  shaft  was  sunk  by  Mr.  W olf  two  years  ago  for  ore. 


Soil  and  cover .  2' 

Wash  ore  (and  clay?) .  17' 

Reddish  and  yellowish  clay .  2|' 

Total  deposit . 27p 


Mr.  Wolf  reports  that  float  ore  of  very  good  quality  was 
found  underlying  the  entire  farm. 

Michael  Goods  Ore  Bank.  ( xxiv ;  52.  No.  me.) 

Situated  at  the  point  where  Cold  Spring  crosses  the  Scotland 
road.  It  was  opened  in  the  summer  of  1873,  and  was  23  feet 
deep.  Ore  was  struck  about  4  feet  below  the  surface,  and  the 
bottom  of  the  deposit  has  not  yet  been  reached.  [Note. — The 
ore  which  Mr.  Good  here  speaks  of  is  undoubtedly  wash  ore 
scattered  through  the  clay  and  soil.]  The  ore  las  no  decided 


248  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

shape.  Four  hundred  and  thirty-two  tons  were  taken  out. 
M’Cormick  &  Co.,  in  Harrisburg,  received  the  first  150  tons  ; 
the  remainder  was  sent  to  the  Franklin  furnace,  11  miles  west 
of  Chambersburg,  and  of  which  Hunter  and  Spring  are  the 
owners.  The  ore  sold  for  $3  per  ton  at  the  bank  to  the  above 
persons. 

It  is  washed  at  the  mine  by  water  power,  of  which  there  is 
plenty  in  the  vicinity.  The  washer  is  a  single  row  of  117 
blades.  Eight  hands  are  employed  in  the  bank  when  it  is  in  full 
operation,  at  $1  25  per  day. 

An  analysis  of  the  ore  from  this  bank  made  by  Mr.  D.  M’- 
Creath  is  as  follows : 


Per  cent. 

• 

Per  cent. 

Iron  sesquioxide . 

76.571 

Metallic  iron . 

..  53.600 

Alumina . 

5.010 

Metallic  manganese. 

..  0.273 

Manganese  sosquioxide.. 

0.392 

Lime . 

0.200 

Magnesia . 

0.281 

Sulphuric  oxide . 

0.185 

Sulphur . 

Phosphoric  oxide . 

0.409 

Phosphorus . 

Water . 

10.980 

Insoluble  residue . 

6.100 

Sum . 

100.128 

The  ore  was  a  limomte. 

The  mine  has  not  been  operated  since  last  fall.  The  pump 
is  a  four  inch  square  plank  shaft  with  sixteen  inch  stroke  and 
eight  strokes  to  the  minute.  It  is  only  required  for  one  hour 
per  day  to  keep  the  mine  dry.  The  shipping  to  the  (wash)  ore 
is  about  4  feet  thick.  About  one-third  of  the  yield  is  lump 
ore. 

An  analysis  is  said  to  have  given  58.56  per  cent  of  metallic 
iron. 

This  analysis  is  as  follows : 

Per  cent. 


Ferric  oxide .  83.67 

Silica .  12.02 

Water .  3.97 

Lime . trace. 


99.64 

This  analysis  was  made  for  Mr.  Good,  by  Chambers  &  Nixon, 
of  Chambersburg. 


IRON  ORE  BANKS  ON  SOUTH  MOUNTAIN. 


C.  249 


Three  hundred  feet  S.  of  E.  of  this  pit  was  a  trial  shaft 
sunk  2 \  years  ago,  of  which  the  following  is  the  record : 


Soil,  sand  and  gravel .  13' 

Ore .  5' 


The  bottom  of  this  shaft  was  still  in  ore. 

G.  M.  Howell's  Ore  Opening .  (. xxm ;  32.) 

This  opening  is  made  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  Howell,  one-half 
mile  north-west  of  Reynold’s  Tavern,  and  about  1J  mile  W. 
by  E".  from  Gettysburg. 

The  opening  is  6X4  feet  in  area,  and  is  at  present  nearly 
filled  with  water. 

The  debris  shows  grayish  shale  and  sandstone  and  frag- 
ments  of  trap. 

E"o  ore  is  at  present  visible,  but  Mr.  Reynolds,  of  the  hotel,  ex¬ 
hibited  a  quartzose  limonite  resembling  some  of  the  specimens 
taken  from  the  Pigeon  Hills,  which  he  asserted  was  taken  from 
there.  The  first  pit,  (in  a  private  lane  by  a  walnut  tree,)  gave 
a  dip  of  S.  25°  E— 60°. 

G.  Cole's  Ore  Opening,  (xxm,  46.) 

About  1J  miles  from  Newman’s,  on  the  Coles’  Valley  road, 
Mr.  Benj.  Steward  opened  a  pit  in  1873,  but  did  not  lease  the 
property  for  himself. 

The  agent  of  M’Cormick  &  Co.,  Mr.  Findlay,  on  behalf  of 
Pine  Grove  furnace,  and  Mr.  W eaver  were  inspecting  the  prop¬ 
erty  with  a  view  to  leasing  it,  but  the  Brothers  Coles  determined 
to  work  it  themselves.  A  number  of  holes  were  sunk,  but  no 
ore  was  found  except  in  the  place  where  it  was  first  worked. 
One  party  offered  50  cents  royalty  and  another  62  cents.  The 
excavation  is  about  4  feet  deep.  The  ore  is  apparently  a  very 
pure,  crystallized,  micaceous  specular  ore,  occurring  in  milk 
quartz  and  in  orthofelsite.  It  occurs  in  large  bunches  of  plates 
weighing  several  pounds,  and  is  generally  free  from  magnetism. 

The  country  rock  is  a  light  colored  orthofelsite,  which  is 
temporarily  replaced  by  unctuous  slates  a  short  distance  south 
of  Mr.  G.  Coles’s  farm.  Mr.  Coles  reports  that  in  several  of 
the  pits  dug  to  prove  this  ore  a  light  white  powdery  material 
was  taken  out  from  a  few  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  ground. 
17— C. 


250  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

This  ore  will  be  more  especially  noticed  in  connection  with 
its  analysis  in  the  report  for  1876. 

Some  of  these  lumps  of  quartz  weigh  over  a  ton. 

Pond  Bank.  ( xxvii,  s .  No.  107.) 

Situated  about  6|  miles  south  south-east  of  Chambersburg, 
Guilford  township,  Franklin  county.  It  has  been  for  some 
years  un worked.  At  present  it  is  a  very  large  irregular  or 
pear  shaped  excavation,  covering  about  2J  acres,  and  with  a 
bank  35  feet  deep  at  the  northern  end.  The  debris  on  the  side 
of  the  banks  consist  of  a  “flaky”  sandstone,  i.  6.,  an  arenaceous 
rock,  with  a  suggestion  of  slaty  structure  from  the  thin  plates 
into  which  it  breaks.  These  thin  plates  are  largely  charged 
with  iron  oxide  and  are  intermixed  with  testaceous  ore.  Other 
portions  of  the  debris  are  quartzite,  with  occasional  thin  plates 
of  pyrite  in  its  upper  surface. 

About  1,200  feet  due  west  of  this  large  excavation  is  a 
quarry  of  limestone  in  which  the  dip  is  S.  25°  E. — 80°. 

Ten  feet  further  S.  25°  E.  of  this  point  is  doubtful  exposures 
giving  N.  35°  W. — 70°.  Even  if  not  out  of  place  the  dip  is 
evidently  local. 

On  the  present  site  of  the  bank  but  little  can  be  observed 
but  the  fragmentary  pebbles  which  compose  its  sides,  inter¬ 
mixed  with  which  are  frequent  specimens  of  hard,  glassy,  tes¬ 
taceous  limonite  (manganiferous  ?). 

A  stake  on  the  surface  is  immediately  above  the  point  where 
the  limestone  was  first  struck  in  the  drift. 

About  100  yards  H.  8°  E.  from  here  is  a  pit  in  which  a  quan¬ 
tity  of  lignite,  containing  fossils  of  nuts  and  deciduous  wood 
was  discovered  a  few  years  ago.  Of  course  this  deposit  is 
very  local  and  belongs  probably  to  the  newer  Tertiary. 

Peter  Comfort's  Mine,  (xxv,  S2.  No.  ms.) 

Situated  on  the  upper  part  of  Marsh  Creek,  about  1J  miles 
H.  N.  W.  of  M’Knightstown.  The  opening  was  made  by 
the  Wrightsville  Iron  Company  in  the  spring  of  1867,  from 
which  date  a  lease  of  25  years  was  obtained  at  a  royalty  of  30 
cents  per  ton.  The  mine  has  lain  idle  since  the  summer  of 
1874.  The  southernmost  slope  of  the  group  of  openings  being 
the  last  which  was  wrought.  The  slopes  are  sunk  along  the 


IRON  ORE  BANKS  CN  SOUTH  MOUNTAIN. 


C.  251 


bedding  of  the  rock  to  the  depth  of  125  feet,  with  drifts  in 
each  direction  from  the  bottom. 

Several  additional  slopes  have  been  from  time  to  time  con¬ 
structed,  but  all  are  abandoned  at  the  present  time.  The  ore 
is  magnetic.  The  bed  of  ore  is  about  2  feet  thick  in  the  last 
slope  in  operation.  Numerous  slopes,  pits  and  small  shafts 
have  been  opened  over  an  area  of  about  seven  acres  from  all  ot 
which  more  or  less  ore  has  been  obtained. 

Also  a  large  amount  of  lioat  ore  of  good  quality  is  found  in 
the  soil  of  the  neighboring  fields.  Ore  was  obtained  from  the 
open  cuts  of  this  character. 

The  ore  was  shipped  by  team  to  Gettysburg — distant,  seven 
miles,  @  $1  65  to  $1  85  per  ton.  Four  or  five  tons  constitute 
a  load.  The  ore  was  hoisted  by  a  windlass  worked  by  horse 
power.  No  other  machinery  was  used.  The  timbering  has  rot¬ 
ted  and  the  underground  works  are  out  of  repair. 

Adam  Minted s  Mine,  (xxv,  S2.  xvi,  47.  No.  169 .) 

Situated  800  feet  N.  W-  of  the  Comfort  Mine.  M’Cormick 
and  Co.  were  induced  to  look  here  for  ore  in  the  summer  ot 
1874,  from  the  developments  previously  made  in  the  adjoining 
(Comfort)  property. 

The  mine  was  opened  and  machinery  erected,  and  ore  was 
extracted  at  the  average  rate  of  $1  96  per  month.  Eleven  men 
were  employed — 9  in  the  mine  and  2  outside,  besides  the  boss. 
The  wages  to  miners  were  $1  20  per  day  of  ten  working  hours. 
The  engineer  received  $1  60  per  day,  and  the  boss,  $75  per 
month.  For  running  the  engine  till  midnight  the  engineer 
was  paid  for  1J  days. 

They  usually  do  not  pump  at  night,  but  in  August,  1875, 
they  were  compelled  to  do  so  on  account  of  the  leakage  of  sur¬ 
face  water  into  the  mines  due  to  the  excessive  rains  of  the  pre¬ 
vious  few  weeks. 

One  15-horse  power  engine  is  at  the  mine. 

The  ore  occurs  in  irregular  beds.  The  levels  at  which  ore 
was  being  taken  out  at  the  above  date  were  from  drifts  at  47 
feet  and  132  feet  on  the  slope.  At  the  former  level  a  drift  has 
been  driven  96  feet  east  of  south.  At  the  132  foot  level  the 
ore  is  about  2  feet  thick.  For  about  20  feet  on  the  slope  the  ore 
thickens  to  2J  feet. 


252  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

First  level :  In  the  first  level,  about  52  feet  from  the  slope, 
there  is  a  clay  filling,  which  cuts  out  the  ore  and  takes  its 
place  between  the  wall  rocks  for  five  or  six  feet.  Beyond  the 
clay  the  ore  widens  out,  and  the  drift  ends  in  the  swell. 

Second  level  :  The  second  level  is  begun  79  feet  down  the 
slope,  and  is  driven  in  both  directions,  the  distance  on  its 
north-west  side  being  about  25  feet. 

To  the  south-east  the  level  was  driven  179  feet  to  where  the 
ore  was  cut  out  by  soft,  slaty  rocks  of  reddish  color  and  unctu¬ 
ous  to  the  touch.  These  slates  were  penetrated  for  3  or  4  feet, 
when  work  was  stopped  by  order  of  Mr.  King,  the  superin¬ 
tendent  for  M’Cormick  &  Co..  The  ore  is  otherwise  very  regu¬ 
lar  in  this  level. 

The  specimens  of  foot  and  hanging  w^alls  shown  by  Mr. 
Jenkins  were  calcareous  conglomerate,  in  which  the  pebbles 
were  small. 

Third  level :  The  third  level  is  40  feet  below  the  second,  and 
at  the  date  of  its  inspection  (August,  1875,)  the  south-east  drift 
was  17  feet,  the  ore  holding  out  well,  and  the  north-west  drift 
but  5  feet. 

The  ore  promised  well  to  the  bottom  of  the  slope  at  this 
time. 

During  the  year  that  the  mine  was  worked  about  2,500  tons 
were  extracted  and  shipped  via  Gettysburg  to  Harrisburg.  It 
has  lain  idle  since  September,  1875. 

At  first  anthracite  was  used  as  the  fuel,  but  after  June  1, 
1875,  wood  was  substituted  for  it.  The  consumption  was  15 J 
cords  from  June  1st  to  August  5th.  The  water  was  pumped 
by  a  Smedley  pump,  but  the  latter  was  not  in  repair:  The 
discharge  pipe  was  3  inches  in  diameter,  diameter  of  cylinder  4 
inches  ;  1  foot  stroke,  25  strokes  per  minute. 

The  teams  were  hired  and  hauled  the  ore  to  Gettysburg  for 
$1  20  per  day,  making  one  trip.  Two  wagons  did  all  the  haul¬ 
ing,  the  owners  of  which  live  in  M’Kniglitstown.  The  wagons 
are  loaded  and  hauled  one  and  a  half  miles  to  the  turnpike  in 
the  evening,  and  are  started  for  Gettysburg  early  in  the  morn¬ 
ing.  The  load  is  four  to  five  tons,  with  five  horses  in  one  team 
and  six  in  the  other. 


IRON  ORE  BANKS  ON  SOUTH  MOUNTAIN. 


0.  253 


The  cost  per  rail  from  Gettysburg  to  Harrisburg  was  not  as¬ 
certained. 

There  was  generally  no  trouble  from  water. 

The  hoisting  out  of  the  mine  was  done  in  small  cars. 

The  roof  of  the  slope  is  supported  by  a  single  row  of  timbers 
down  the  middle. 

The  slope  is  20  feet  wide  and  5  feet  high,  and  the  track  is  7 
inches  in  width.  The  slope  at  the  surface  is  22°,  but  a  short 
distance  in,  and  to  the  bottom,  28°. 

At  the  heading  of  the  first  level  the  sandstone  shows  a 
cleavage  plane  more  distinctly  marked  than  the  place  of  bed¬ 
ding,  which  dips  S.  45°  E. — 32°. 

The  sketch  of  the  workings  made  by  Mr.  Hand  King  accom¬ 
panies  this  report  by  the  kind  permission  of  Mr.  H.  M’Cor- 
mick. 

The  following  is  the  result  of  analyses  of  this  ore  from  the 
upper  and  lower  levels  made  by  Mr.  Ford  at  Harrisburg. 


Minter  Mine. 

Upper  Level. 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

Ferrous  oxide . 

Sesquioxide  of  iron 

12.214  ) 
53.376  i 

Metallic  iron . 

\  9  5  ^ 46.9 
U7.4  $ 

Ferric  sulphide. . . . 

0.050 

Alumina . 

4.424 

Manganous  oxide  . 

0.896 

Metallic  manganese. . 

0.700 

Lime . 

1.868 

Magnesia . 

4.198 

Phosphoric  acid . . . 

0.128 

Phosphorus . 

0.056 

Potash  and  soda . . . 

0.953 

Water . 

5.000 

Silica . . . 

17.024 

Sulphur . 

0.027 

Arsenic  acid . 

Not  estim’d. 

Sum. . 

100.131 

Lower  Level. 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

Ferrous  oxide . 

Sesquioxide  of  iron 

15.429  ) 
48.565  \ 

Metallic  iron . 

j  12 -°  l  46.00 
i  34.0  $ 

Ferric  sulphide  . . . 

0.009 

Alumina . 

3.486 

Manganous  oxide .. 

0.617 

Metallic  magnanese. . 

0.481 

Lime . 

4.746 

• 

Magnesia . 

6.866 

254  C. 


P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 


Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

Phosphoric  acid . . . 

0.160 

Phosphorus . 

0.070 

Carbonic  acid . 

1.375 

Potash  and  soda... 

1.143 

Water . 

1.888 

Silica . 

15.466 

Sulphur . 

0.005 

Arsenic  acid . 

Not  estim’d. 

Sum . 

99.750 

Undetermined 

and  loss . 

0.25 

Total . 

100.000 

Mac N air  s  Ore  Openings . 

These  openings  are  upon  the  farm  of  Mr.  MacHair,  about  5  J 
miles  from  Gettysburg  and  2J  miles  from  Emmetsburg.  Ore 
had  been  found  on  the  property  of  Mr.  Rhodes,  adjoining,  but 
not  in  paying  quantities.  Mr.  Robt.  MacHair  states  that  Jacob 
Peters  brought  a  dip  needle  to  the  farm,  and  said  that  the  cor¬ 
ner  of  the  corn  field  was  the  only  place  in  all  the  country  round 
where  the  needle  was  measurably  dejected.  He  sank  a  small 
shaft  about  8  feet  deep  and  found  about  J  bushel  of  magnetic 
ore. 

The  principal  rock  thrown  out  of  this  pit  appears  to  be  a 
coarse-grained  dolerite,  though  some  of  the  feldspar  looks  un¬ 
der  the  magnifying  glass  like  orthoclase  and  some  of  the  am- 
photerolite  mineral  like  hornblende.  (These  specimens  will, 
however,  be  analysed  and  studied  under  the  microscope.)  An¬ 
other  neighboring  rock  is  a  compact,  brittle  rock,  with  con- 
choidal  fracture,  and  containing,  like  a  porphyry,  prisms  of 
a  white  substance,  as  yet  undetermined. 

At  the  mouth  of  pit  dSTo.  1  are  blocks  of  a  greenish  trap,  (?) 
called  copper  rock  or  copper  stone  by  the  inhabitants,  in  contra¬ 
distinction  to  iron  stone ,  which  is  their  name  for  the  common 
dolerite. 

One  hundred  yards,  more  or  less,  west  of  Mr.  MaciNair’s 
house,  on  the  lane,  a  hard,  compact,  gray  sand  rock  crops  out, 
appearing  to  dip  vertically,  but  in  fact  dipping  about  W.  10° 
N. — 20°.  About  50  feet  west  of  this  is  a  finely  laminated  rock, 
in  which  the  cleavage  seems  to  dip  S.  10°  E. — 85°. 


IRON  ORE  BANKS  ON  SOUTH  MOUNTAIN. 


C.  255 


(An  analysis  of  a  specimen  of  the  ore  furnished  by  Major  II. 
S.  MacNair,  of  York,  and  stated  by  him  to  be  taken  from  the 
MacNair  farm,  will  be  found  on  p.  75  of  the  Report  of  Progress 
for  1874.) 


Mr.  George  Krise’s  Ore  Mine. 

Situated  about  one  mile  west  by  south  of  Mr.  MacNair’s. 
Mr.  Krise  states  that  in  the  spring  of  1874  Mr.  Wm.  Letcher 
opened  the  mine  and  took  out  a  quantity  of  ore.  Mr.  John 
Davis  came  from  Winchester  in  the  following  spring.  The 
opening  is  about  1,000  feet  S.  30°  E.  of  the  house,  and  consists 
of  three  or  four  irregular  pits  lying  along  a  line  H.  10°  E.  per¬ 
pendicular,  to  which  a  trench  and  pit  were  cut  25  feet  to  30 
feet  W.  10°  H.  This  represents  the  direction  of  the  dip,  and 
the  strength  is  about  30°.  (Country  rock  dips  W.  10°  H. 
- — 30°. ) 

The  gangue  is  a  banded  sand  rock,  the  separate  bands  being 
alternate  layers  of  about  one-half  inch  in  thickness,  of  dark 
green,  gray,  and  brick-red  mud  rock.  The  latter  is  of  resinous 
lustre,  and  looks  like  shellac. 

On  some  of  the  faces  of  this  rock  thin  films  of  crystals  of 
undetermined  composition  have  been  laid  down.  The  surface 
of  the  ground  sparkles  with  the  fine  spangles  of  these  little 
crystals,  which  glint  from  the  dirt  with  which  they  are  mixed. 

Twenty  feet  east  of  the  opening  a  yellow  and  red  shale  is  ex¬ 
posed  in  a  gully,  having  about  the  same  dip. 

Parts  of  the  machinery  are  lying  around  the  abandoned 
mine. 

Leases  were  taken  on  the  farm  adjoining  properties  through 
which  the  ore  was  thought  to  strike,  viz  :  George  H.  Krise, 
Ross  White,  Flemman  White,  (close  to  Middle  Creek,)  and 
Jacob  Iker.  On  the  last  farm  they  never  opened,  but  the  ore 
was  proved  to  extend  through  the  farms  of  the  other  two — it  is 
said,  of  an  inferior  quality  to  that  found  on  Mr.  Krise’s. 

Mr.  Krise  dug  a  ditch  and  struck  a  body  of  good  ore  in  the 
opposite  direction,  viz :  S.  10°  W. 

He  states,  also,  that  Mr.  King,  for  M’Cormick  &  Co.,  sank  a 
slope  some  90  feet,  and  while  the  deposit  was  followed  for  the 


256  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

entire  distance  it  was  found  to  be  irregular,  occurring  in  nests 
and  strings.  Mr.  Johnson,  formerly  the  boss  of  the  Minter 
mine,  suggested  drifting,  but  this  was  never  done. 


MONT  ALTO  FURNACE  AND  BANKS. 


C.  257  * 


CHAPTER  X. 

The  Mont  Alto  Furnace  and  Ore  Banks. 

These  are  situated  at  the  extremity  of  the  Ohambersburg 
and  Mont  Alto  railroad,  in  Franklin  county,  Quincy  town¬ 
ship,  about  nine  miles  south-east  of  Ohambersburg. 

The  works  are  owned,  together  with  a  large  tract  of  timber 
land  in  the  South  Mountain,  by  Waterman  &  Co.,  and  the  di¬ 
rection  of  operations  is  confided  to  Colonel  George  B.  Wiest- 
ling,  who  kindly  furnishes  the  survey  with  the  following 
statement : 

“Mont  Alto,  December  31,  1875. 

“  Prof.  Persijor  Frazer ,  Jr. : 

“  Bear  Sir: — In  accordance  with  my  promise,  I  herewith  send 
some  statements  of  our  operations  at  this  point : 

“We  adopted,  and  still  resort  to  different  modes  in  some  lo¬ 
calities,  in  testing  the  existence  and  extent  of  our  ore  beds. 

“  Some  places  we  use  a  common  spiral  auger  about  four  inches 
in  diameter,  with  an  extensible  stock.  The  apex  of  a  light 
tripod  made  with  poles,  serves  to  guide  the  auger,  keeping  it 
vertical.  .  Two  men  with  a  wrench  which  fits  square  places  on 
the  stock  do  the  boring,  while  a  small  sheave,  or  pulley  block, 
fastened  to  the  tripod  with  a  rope  and  rough  windlass  barrel 
serves  to  withdraw  the  auger  and  borings. 

“  With  this,  two  men  can  bore  forty  feet  per  day,  if  not  hin¬ 
dered  by  large  round  stones,  or  lumps  of  hard  ore.* 

*In  a  great  majority  of  instances,  however,  we  sink  circular  pits,  about  three 
or  four  feet  in  diameter.  We  prefer  the  circular  section,  as  the  pit  is  less 
likely  to  cave  in;  no  timber  or  props  being  used  in  testing.  These  borings 
and  pits  are  all  numbered  to  correspond  with  similar  numbers  on  map,  and 
in  “  Exploration  Book.”  In  this  book  a  memorandum  is  made  of  each  pit ; 
the  character  of  the  material  passed  through  in  detail ;  the  dip  and  such  ex- 


258  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

“Having  selected  a  locality  at  which  we  propose  opening  a 
bank,  and  knowing  from  our  tests  that  the  ore  is  there,  we  re¬ 
sort  to  the  auger  and  additional  pits  or  drifts  in  order  to  make 
sure  that  we  locate  our  machinery  off  the  ore  if  possible.  The 
ore  from  borings  and  pits  and  drifts,  we  in  some  cases  subjected 
to  analysis ;  in  other  cases  we  secured  enough  from  a  vicinity 
to  try  in  our  blast  furnace,  forge  and  rolling  mill.  In  this 
case,  samples  of  the  iron  thus  made  are  shelved,  labeled  with 
the  number  of  pit  or  pits  from  which  the  stock  came. 

“  Some  of  the  analyses  were  as  follows  : 

MINES. 


No.  3. 

No.  4. 

No.  5. 

No.  8. 

English 
or  No.  65. 

Metallic  iron . 

Alumina . 

Carbonate  lime . 

Silica . 

Water. . 

46.27 

trace. 

51.86 

.70 

trace. 

16.30 

8.20 

51.39 

57.27 

37.25 

Sulphur . 

Phosphorus . . . 

Prot.  manganese . 

None. 

.15 

.31 

None. 

— 

None. 

.10 

trace. 

None. 

trace. 

trace. 

None. 

.64 

7.90 

“The  remainder  in  each  ore,  not  given  above,  is  chiefly  sili¬ 
ceous  matter  and  moisture. 


“Ore  has  been  mined  at  Mont  Alto  since  1808. 

“I  gave  you  the  detail  of  Pit  Ho.  90,  in  which  a  body  of  lig 
nite  was  found,  as  well  as  specimens  of  the  lignite. 

“  Our  furnace  stack  was  built  in  1808,  in  the  style  then  ruling. 
It  is  a  stone  stack,  and  was  31  feet  high  and  8  feet  diameter  of 
boshes,  with  two  tuyeres,  when  we  acquired  possession  in  1864. 

“  Previous  to  1864  the  power  was  water.  W e  placed  flues  on 
furnace  top,  thus  raising  her  6  feet,  making  height  now  37  feet. 
We  increased  her  diameter  of  bosh  to  9  feet.  (It  is  now  9J 
feet.)  We  introduced  a  third  tuyere,  and  put  her  in  as  good 
shape  and  condition  as  her  age  and  the  surroundings  would 

planatory  comments  as  seem  desirable  for  future  reference.  The  finding 
ore  in  a  pit  remote  from  others  is,  of  itself,  no  evidence  of  the  extent  of  the 
deposit.  Neither  does  a  pit  disclosing  only  clay,  prove  the  non-existence  of 
of  ore.  I  have  sunk  one  hundred  feet  deep  in  what  proved  to  be  a  “chim¬ 
ney”  of  clay,  getting  from  it  not  over  a  bushel  of  ore  lumps,  while  three  feet 
on  either  side  of  the  pit,  the  ore  proved  to  be  abundant.  Whether  to  per¬ 
sist  in  a  given  locality,  or  to  abandon  with  a  single  or  very  few  trials,  is  a 
question  of  judgment  based  on  the  surroundings,  and  what  little  of  science 
we  gather  from  books  and  contact  with  experts. 


MONT  ALTO  FURNACE  AND  BANKS. 


0.  250 


permit,  and  changed  to  steam  power.  We  pay  special  atten¬ 
tion  to  the  proper  preparation  of  the  stock.  The  charcoal  is 
handled  with  forks  and  the  fine  screened.  The  screenings  are 
used  for  ore  washing,  generating  steam  at  mines  or  in  black¬ 
smith  forge. 

“  The  limestone  is  broken  in  a  Blake  crusher  to  a  uniform  size 
with  the  ore,  viz  :  from  a  hen’s  egg  to  a  pea.  I  believe  a  per¬ 
fect  operation  would  require  the  ore,  coal  and  limestone  to  be 
of  uniform  and  the  same  size. 

“  The  ore  receives  careful  attention.  I  find  different  definitions 
apply  to  the  term  “clean  ore”  among  iron  masters.  For  in¬ 
stance,  a  quantity  of  ore  may  be  perfectly  free  from  adhering 
dirt,  each  separate  piece  perfectly  cleansed,  but  if  it  have  mixed 
with  it  pieces  of  sandstone  or  quartz,  also  equally  clean  of 
themselves,  the  ore  is  pronounced  “not  clean.”  Of  course  it 
may  be  extravagant  to  use  ore  thus  unclean,  especially  if  this 
foreign  mixture  is  not  required  for  fluxing.  Again,  if  you 
take  the  perfectly  cleansed  ore,  free  from  any  foreign  mixture 
of  clean  pieces  of  sandstone,  &c.,  and  bathe  it  in  a  solution  of 
clay,  or  in  white-wash,  this  would  he  rendering  it  unclean. 
This  latter  dirty  ore  would  generally  be  regarded  much  more 
favorably  than  the  first  named.  The  ore  itself  being  some¬ 
times  of  a  yellow  cast,  the  thin  coating  of  clay  wash  is  not  so 
easily  noticed.  The  small  quantity  of  dirt  is  looked  upon  as  a 
slight  affair,  not  necessitating  much  additional  coal. 

“Brown  hematite  wash  ore  is  generally  thus  dirty.  Just  as 
the  ore  leaves  the  wash-trough  it  is  treated  to  a  bath  of  dirty 
or  claye}'  water,  and,  as  I  say,  is  not  strongly  objected  to,  and 
yet  I  find  this  is  a  more  objectionable  form  of  uncleanness  than 
the  first. 

“It  is  not  the  quantity  of  dirt,  hut  the  shape  it  is  in,  coating 
each  separate  piece  of  ore,  stopping  up  the  pores  of  the  ore, 
preventing  the  proper  preparation  while  descending,  rendering 
it  impenetrable  by  the  gases,  that  makes  it  a  far  worse  feature 
than  if  many  times  the  bulk  of  the  same  or  other  objection¬ 
able  material  was  intermingled  with  the  ore. 

“  Even  if  the  clay  or  lime  is  necessary  as  a  flux,  this  way  of 
introducing  it  is  bad.  And  the  wrong  way  is  just  as  bad  as 
the  wrong  thing. 


260  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

“  This  receives  our  careful  atttention  ;  our  ore  goes  in  clean — 
not  only  washed,  but  rinsed  in  clean  water.  To  accomplish 
this  more  perfect  cleansing,  we  invented  a  shaking  screen  and 
attached  it  to  our  ore  washer.  It  is  inexpensive,  works  well, 
serving  the  purpose  admirably,  and  is  not  patented.  Thus  the 
yield  in  the  furnace  closely  approximates  the  analysis  of  a  fair 
sample  of  ore,  the  fuel  used  is  the  minimum  of  its  kind  re¬ 
quired,  the  quantity  of  flux  used  is  known,  the  product  of  the 
furnace  is  increased  and  the  quality  of  the  product  is  improved. 

“  Our  furnace  works  regularly  and  produces  as  much  as,  or 
more  iron  than  any  of  her  size,  that  I  know  of  in  Pennsyl¬ 
vania,  using  the  same  percentage  ores  and  kind  of  charcoal. 

“  I  add  a  statement  from  our  blast  book,  giving  her  work  for 
a  week  in  August,  1875.  (See  page  261.) 

“The  ore  used  was  from  Mine  4.  The  charcoal  varied  in  quality 
from  hard  and  soft  wood,  hut  was  better  than  our  average. 

“  The  foregoing  is  our  best  week’s  work.  The  average  for  this 
year  is  90  tons  product  per  week,  requiring  per  ton  of  pig  iron 

tons  ore,  120  bushels  charcoal  and  8  cwt.  limestone. 

“  Although  we  have  about  20,000  acres  connected  with  the  es¬ 
tate,  and  use  our  own  wood,  make  the  charcoal  and  haul  it,  yet 
charcoal  varies  greatly  in  quality  from  the  different  kinds  of 
wood,  from  variableness  of  weather,  difference  in  skill  and  care 
of  colliers,  and  the  same  uniformity  in  work  is  scarcely  attaina¬ 
ble  that  should  characterize  anthracite  furnaces. 

“  Our  objective  point,  so  far  as  the  works  are  concerned,  is  a 
uniformly  best  quality  of  product  for  the  purposes  to  which 
our  iron  is  suited,  and  secondly,  quantity  and  cheapness. 

“You  will  readily  perceive  from  the  difference  in  the  few  par¬ 
tial  analyses  of  our  ores  that  we  can  make  different  kinds  of 
iron,  or  iron  suitable  for  different  purposes — any  of  it  would  be 
“  good.” 

“  Consumers  of  iron  are  generally  careless  in  the  use  of  the 
terms  they  apply  to  it.  Send  the  best  Scotch  Pig  to  a  puddling 
mill  or  forge,  and  it  would  be  condemned  as  “  had,”  unfit  for 
use.  The  best  Norway  or  Swedish  iron  would  be  just  as  un¬ 
suitable  for  the  head  of  a  railway  bar,  as  cold  short  or  red 
short  iron  would  be  for  flange,  plate  or  rivet  rods. 


MONT  ALTO  FURNACE  AND  BANKS 


C.  261 


1 

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262  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

44  Pine  wood  has  its  valuable  uses,  just  as  has  hickory  or  white 
oak,  and  I  believe  any  iron  may  be  good  for  some  purpose.  It 
is  important  to  know  what  particular  purpose  a  specified  make 
is  good  for,  and  this  largely  governs  its  value.  The  best  iron 
might  as  well  be  bad  as  be  applied  to  some  purpose  to  which 
it  is  unsuitable.  Iron  made  from  our  Ho.  3  mine  is  strong  and 
chills  well,  making  it  valuable  for  car  wheels.  That  made 
from  Mine  Ho.  4,  Ho.  8,  Pond  Bank.  Mill  Bank  and  others, 
more  closely  resembles  Horway  iron  in  its  softness  and  tenacity, 
fitting  it  for  rivet  rods,  flange  plate  and  fire-box  iron. 

11  We  have  a  Steam  Bloom  Forge  connected  with  our  works, 
and  manufacture  blooms  for  the  above  purposes.  The  surplus 
pig  iron,  over  what  we  consume  in  the  forge,  is  principally 
consumed  for  car  wheels,  and  until  1874,  we  were  always 
closely  sold  up,  and  indeed  found  it  impossible  to  fill  all  orders. 
We  are  proud  of  the  reputation  of  our  iron,  and  do  our  utmost 
in  every  department  to  improve  it. 

44  Respectfully  yours, 

“GEO  B.  WIESTLFN G.” 


P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875.  C  263 

Exploitation  Pits  in  the  Vicinity  of  Gettysburg. 

Martin,  Barbehue  &  Koppe  opened  several  small  pits  on  M’- 
Knight’s  Hill.  At  the  time  these  were  visited  no  ore  was  ob¬ 
served  around  the  opening.  The  stripping  was  ten  feet  thick, 
and  the  excavation  was  alongside  a  wall  of  coarse  dolerite  sim¬ 
ilar  to  that  occurring  on  Culp’s  Hill,  and  Round  Top,  &c. 

This  rock,  which  is  dark  colored  by  weathering,  and  hard 
and  contains  from  11  to  15  per  cent  of  magnetic  oxide  of  iron 
frequently  gives  rise  to  the  belief  that  itself,  as  well  as  the 
adjacent  rocks  over  which  its  debris  are  distributed,  are  ores. 
Indeed  it  may  well  be  considered  whether  the  constant  and 
frequently  large  percentage  of  magnetic  oxide  in  these  specu¬ 
lar  ores  is  not  mainly,  if  not  entirely,  derived  from  the  disin¬ 
tegration  of  the  traps  which  are  generally  to  be  found  in  this 
vicinity. 

A  couple  of  openings  lower  on  the  hill,  out  of  which  the  rock 
has  been  taken  by  a  windlass,  are  about  15  feet  deep.  In  some 
of  the  fragments  exhibited  near  these  openings  the  trap  is  seen 
to  increase  in  weight  and  magnetic  force  so  as  to  prove  a  transi¬ 
tion  from  the  trap  to  a  kind  of  magnetic  ore. 

An  Opening  on  Benner’s  Hill ,  East  of  Rock  Creek, 

At  the  time  this  opening  was  visited  it  was  nearly  filled 
with  water.  The  rocks  thrown  out  show  no  indications  of 
ore,  but  are  principally  indurated  blue  mud  rock.  On  top  of 
Benner’s  Hill  is  a  quarry  of  loose  and  broken  gray  sandstone  dip¬ 
ping  H.  25°  W. — 25°.  This  stone  was  used  for  the  foundations 
of  the  Methodist  Church  in  Gettysburg. 

In  the  gutters  alongside  the  road  leading  from  the  top  of 
Cemetery  Hill,  and  near  the  Soldier’s  Home,  many  specimens 
of  pyramidal  epidote  are  to  be  found,  varying  in  size  from  one- 
half  inch  in  length,  and  one-eighth  inch  in  thickness,  to  two 
inches  long,  and  one-fourth  inch  in  thickness. 

Major  Benner,  of  Gettysburg,  has  presented  several  of  these 
very  perfectly  terminated  to  the  survey. 

Exploitation  Pits  for  Copper  Ore. 

Copper  ore  has  been  recently  discovered  five  miles  east  of 
Gettysburg,  near  Bonneauville,  (Bonnaughtown,  or  Bonnaugh- 


264  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

ville,)  and  at  various  other  points  in  Adams  and  York  coun¬ 
ties. 

The  out-crop  of  the  ore  near  Bonneauville,  like  similar  out¬ 
crops  near  Dillsburg,  on  the  Bull  Road  in  York  county,  and  in 
many  other  places,  is  merely  a  bed  vein  of  malachite  of  a  few 
inches  in  thickness,  from  which  a  foot  or  more  of  both  foot  and 
hanging  wall  have  been,  to  some  extent,  saturated  with  soluble 
salts  of  copper. 

The  farm  on  which  this  discovery  was  made  is  the  property 
of  Mr.  J.  L.  Livers,  whose  house  is  nearly  the  western  limit  of 
the  hamlet  above  mentioned.  About  800  yards  south  of  this 
house,  and  in  the  middle  of  a  field,  Mr.  Livers  ploughed  up 
several  specimens  of  green  copper  ore,  and  on  digging  discovered 
the  vein.  The  Mesozoic  rocks  of  this  vicinity  are  very  much 
broken.  The  most  homogeneous  layer  of  the  strata  is  a  red 
sandstone,  which  is  hard  and  compact  in  blocks,  which  latter 
are  unevenly  divided  by  numerous  cleavage  planes.  They  dip 
north-west  30°. 

Nothing  has  been  done  but  the  most  superficial  scratching 
of  the  surface,  but  the  occurrence  of  float  ore  in  the  direction 
of  the  strike,  for  some  distance  each  way  on  the  neighboring 
farms,  augurs  well  for  the  productiveness  of  this  vein. 

These  localities  will  be  commented  on  in  a  future  report. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  CROSS  SECTIONS. 


C.  265 


CHAPTER  XL 

DESCRIPTION  OF  CROSS  SECTIONS. 

Section  No.  6. 

Section  6  runs  S.  47°  30'  E.  from  a  point  1J  miles  north  of 
Dillsburg,  across  the  belt  of  Hew  Red  Sandstone  to  Berler’s 
cross-roads,  and  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  same  and  a  point 
located  on  the  map  of  1874. 

The  commencement  is  in  the  limestone  conglomerate, (Potomac 
marble,  (?)  which  forms  the  north-west  margin  of  the  HewRed 
Sandstone.  Several  conflicting  dips  were  observed  at  the  north¬ 
west  end  of  Kuntz’s  quarry,  and  the  difficulty  of  obtaining 
one  entirely  reliable  here  is  very  considerable.  The  first  re¬ 
corded  is  S.  45°  W. — 24°  ;  but  at  the  same  place,  or  so  close  to 
it  as  not  to  be  susceptible  of  separate  delineation  on  the  map, 
is  the  dip  of  S.  10°  E. — 40°.  Four  hundred  feet  further  on 
in  the  direction  of  the  section  is  a  dip  in  the  same  rock  of  W. 
8°  H. — 22°,  which  clearly  indicates  a  small  fold  towards  the 
margin  of  the  Hew  Red. 

About  three-fifths  of  a  mile  over  the  section  occurs  a  dip  in 
altered  Mesozoic  greenish  sandstone  of  W.  25°  S. — 50°.  With¬ 
in  a  few  hundred  feet  of  this  occurs  a  gray  limestone  conglom¬ 
erate,  (partially  altered  by  decomposition  into  a  marl,)  dipping 
S.  10°  E.— 28°. 

Following  this  further  in  the  direction  of  the  section,  and 
close  by,  is  a  conglomerate  composed  of  fragments  of  the  old 
chlorite  and  crystalline  schists  imbedded  in  calcareous  matrix. 
This  rock  is  quite  commonly  found  in  this  vicinity  ;  an  entirely 
similar  one  is  raised  out  of  a  shaft  from  a  depth  of  75  feet, 
near  the  Mumper  &  Logan  mines. 

The  dip  of  S.  10°  E. — 28°  not  only  renders  probable  the  cor¬ 
rectness  of  the  somewhat  doubtful  dip  with  which  the  section 
18  C. 


266  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.;  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

began,  but  proves  a  very  considerable  thickness  of  this  com¬ 
ponent  of  the  New  Red  Sandstone  to  have  the  unusual  direc¬ 
tion  of  dip  to  the  south-east,  and  subtracts  somewhat  from  the 
thickness  of  this  formation  here. 

It  has  been  assumed  that  this  dip  indicates  a  synclinal  of  at 
least  1  \  miles  between  the  exterior  limits  on  the  present  surface, 
and  in  the  absence  of  further  recorded  outcrops  between  the  last 
mentioned  dip  and  the  few  obtained  at  the  mines  east  of  Dills- 
burg,  the  structure  would  seem  to  suggest  the  placing  of  an 
axis  somewhere  near  this  point,  because  these  synclinal  troughs 
have  heretofore  been  considered  rare  in  these  measures,  and  this 
would  reduce  the  extent  of  this  one  to  a  minimum. 

But  5,000  feet,  or  nearly  a  mile,  further  on  the  line  of  sec¬ 
tion,  and  75  feet  below  the  surface,  and  north-west  of  M’Cor- 
mick  &  Co.J3  long  cut,  a  conglomerate  has  been  found  in  a  bore 
hole  very  nearly  resembling  that  just  mentioned.  Supposing 
the  dip  of  this  bed  (as  we  must  do)  to  conform  to  the  dips  of 
the  measures  immediately  above  it,  the  limits  of  this  synclinal 
of  limestone  conglomerate  would  intersect  the  plane  of  the 
horizon  at  points  nearly  1J  miles  apart,  or  at  the  distance  above 
given. 

The  limestone  conglomerate  without  schist  fragments  (a) 
which  was  found  in  Kuntz's  quarry,  and  which  most  probably 
underlies  the  limestone  with  schist  fragments,  ( d ,)  exhibits  a 
roll  in  the  quarry  itself.  The  north-west  dip  which  was  the 
second  recorded  on  this  line  ( b )  would  bring  it  to  the  surface 
to  sink  again  at  some  point  not  definitely  ascertained,  but  fur¬ 
ther  to  the  south-east  (or  between  a  and  c).  Again,  the  north¬ 
west  dip  of  the  altered  sandstone  close  by  the  schist  conglom¬ 
erate  (c)  would  cause  that  to  sink  to  the  north-west,  and  rise 
with  the  supposed,  but  not  recorded,  south-east  dips,  which 
probably  intervene  between  it  and  the  commencement  of  the 
line  (6  and  c). 

This  structure,  however  indefinite,  is  something  like  that 
which  must  obtain  in  the  portion  of  the  section  now  under 
consideration,  and  must  result  in  bringing  the  conglomerate 
nearer  together  (perpendicularly)  than  would  be  the  case  were 
the  wave  a  simple  synclinal  from  a  to  d. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  CROSS  SECTIONS. 


C.  267 


Some  idea  of  this  perpendicular  distance  may  be  had  by  a 
comparison  of  the  perpendicular  distance  of  the  limestone 
found  in  Bell’s  or  MacWilliam’s  slope  (which  resembles  that 
at  a)  from  that  just  mentioned,  which  occurs  75  feet  below  the 
surface  near  M’Cormick  &  Co.’s  cut. 

This  distance  is  about  1,400  feet,  and  the  whole  thickness  of 
measures  from  the  slope  of  the  South  Mountain  to  Bell’s  mine, 
or  over  a  distance  of  more  than  two  miles,  only  2,400  feet,  in¬ 
stead  of  6,000  feet,  as  would  be  the  case  were  the  bedding  regu¬ 
larly  monoclinal. 

Three  dips  obtained  in  the  rock  bedding  where  the  mining 
of  ore  is  being  carried  on  ( e )  and  to  which  the  limestone  with 
schist  fragments,  found  at  a  depth  of  75  feet,  was  adjusted, 
give  N. — 28°  twice,  and  ~N.  10°  E. — 20°. 

Two  thousand  feet  further  on  the  line,  and  a  few  hundred 
feet  north-west  of  Grove’s  bank,  a  dip  in  altered  Mesozoic  sand¬ 
stone  of  S.  E. — 85°  seems  to  betoken  an  anticlinal  between  ^and 
/,  which,  however,  is  rapidly  succeeded  by  the  dip  of  JST.  10° 
E. — 24°  in  the  sandstone  which  accompanies  Grove’s  ore.  The 
projection  of  Price’s  ore  on  the  line  is  made  from  a  point  too 
remote  to  serve  as  a  guide  to  the  structure  even  if  an  exposure 
were  to  be  found  here,  which  is  not  the  case.  At  this  point  is 
the  margin  of  a  wide  belt  of  trap  which  covers  the  whole 
country,  to  the  exclusion  of  other  rocks,  for  3J  miles  on  the 
line  of  section,  and  for  several  miles  north  and  south  of  it. 
But  though  this  outburst  of  trap  conceals  from  view  the  sedi¬ 
mentary  members  of  the  series  of  Kew  Red  Sandstones,  there 
are  indications  from  its  observed  position  that  some  of  these 
sedimentary  strata  had  south-east  dips,  Such  is  an  exposure  (A) 
about  a  mile  S.  47°  30'  E.  of  the  contact  between  trap  and  sedi¬ 
mentary  rocks,  (y,)  where  a  coarse  grained  dolerite  dips  S.  10° 
E.— 30°. 

Of  course  it  is  not  certain  that  the  inclination  of  the  trap 
was  determined  by  that  of  the  true  bedding  since  it  will  be 

seen  that  in  the  case  of  a  dyke  near  Dillsburg*  these  traps  fre¬ 
quently  followed  planes  of  cleavage  ;  but  in  this  case  both  the 

direction  and  strength  of  the  apparent  dip  coincide  so  nearly 
with  that  of  true  sedimentary  rocks  noted  at  the  beginning  of 


*See  chapter  on  the  geology. 


268  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

this  section,  that  the  conclusion  is  almost  forced  upon  us  that 
this  trap  is  a  fossil  dip  of  the  FTe  w  Red  Sandstone,  and  indicates 
the  position  of  things  before  the  strata  of  the  latter  were  re¬ 
placed. 

This  trap  outburst  occupies  a  little  less  than  3J  miles  of  the 
gray  sandstone.  Here  a  greenish  gray  sandstone  gives  a  dip 
of  W.  35°  1ST. — 40°.  Following  this  exposure  is  half  a  mile 
more  of  trap,  and  then  a  large  clay  deposit  of  Morganthaler’s, 
which  fills  two  or  three  fields  of  meadow  land.  Succeeding  the 
clay  is  a  certain  magnetic  ore,  the  analysis  of  which  will  be 
found  in  another  place. 

Here  come  in  bluish  shales  and  Red  Sandstone  dipping  W. 
31°R. — 20°  for  400  feet,  after  which,  in  the  next  800  feet,  noth¬ 
ing  but  an  exposure  of  coarse  dolerite  was  observed ;  and  again 
a  red  sandstone  with  a  dip  of  W.  40°  FT. — 24°.  Six  hundred 
feet  further  on  are  found  sandstones  coated  more  or  less  with 
micaceous  ore,  on  top  of  gray  and  greenish  shales  in  A\hich 
three  outcrops  not  far  apart,  gave  respectively,  H.  45°  W. — 
16°,  W.  40°  H. — 20°,  and  a  cleavage  plane,  E. — 85°. 

In  the  midst  of  this  series  occurs  Corkson’s  ore.  Its  analy¬ 
sis  will  be  found  elsewhere.  The  locality  is  just  north-west  of 
the  town  of  Wellsville,  within  the  limits  of  which  another 
sandstone  exposure  exhibits  a  cleavage  plane  of  E.  5°  S. — . 
85°. (j)  This  new  plane  of  cleavage  which  commences  near 
Corkson’s  is  found  for  a  longdistance  further  along  our  line,  or 
to  a  point  just  south-east  of  the  town  of  Dover,  (l)  beyond 
which  no  record  of  it  was  made. 

A  peculiarity  of  this  plane  is,  that  its  direction  of  dip 
changes  gradually  and  regularly  from  Wellsville  to  Dover, 
commencing  with  east  and  dipping  at  the  latter  town  S.  40° 
E.  Its  steepness  also  varies,  but  not  regularly.  First  it  de¬ 
creases  to  67°,  and  then  it  increases  to  80°,  or  the  same  angle 
which  it  exhibits  when  first  mentioned. 

If  this  plane  be  taken,  a  powerful  thrust  from  the  eastward 
along  a  line  dipping  but  5°  to  10°  below  the  western  horizon 
this  change  in  its  direction  could  be  accounted  for  by  suppos¬ 
ing  the  effect  of  the  pressure  to  cause  these  soft  measures  ly¬ 
ing  between  the  more  rigid  jaws  on  which  pressure  and  resis¬ 
tance  were  exerted,  to  assume  a  curved  line  between  them  as  is 


DESCRIPTION  OF  CROSS  SECTIONS. 


0.  269 


the  ease  when  one  presses  together  the  edges  of  a  pack  of 
cards.  Of  course  the  same  application  would  apply  if  the 
cause  of  the  pressure  were  to  be  sought  in  the  gradual  or  sud¬ 
den  giving  way  of  the  strata  below  the  Mesozoic  deposits, 
while  the  Eozoic  rocks  on  the  margins  stood  firm.  Gravity  in 
drawing  the  whole  basin  into  a  necessarily  more  limited  area 
would  produce  the  same  effect  upon  them  as  if  the  Pigeon 
Hills  and  Codorus  Range  on  the  one  side  and  the  South  Moun¬ 
tain  on  the  other  gradually  approached  each  other;  except  so 
far  as  the  first  hypothesis  would  render  probable  a  different 
kind  of  fracture  on  the  margins  from  that  which  would  result 
from  the  latter  and  from  that  which  is  observed. 

That  is  to  say,  that  by  the  settling  down  of  the  middle  of  the 
New  Red  Sandstone  area,  its  edges  would  be  pulled  down  after 
the  sinking  rocks  and  there  would  result  chasms  and  rilts 
where  the  rocks  thinned  out.  On  the  contrary,  in  case  the  two 
jaws  of  such  a  vice  approached  each  other,  the  margins  would 
be  crushed  against  and  over  the  adjacent  portions  of  the  for¬ 
mation  aud  while  there  would  be  no  breaks,  it  would  result 
that  the  rocks  would  be  very  much  crushed.  In  either  case, 
in  all  probability,  clay  deposits  would  be  frequent. 

It  may  well  be,  that  the  determination  of  trap  in  large  mass 
to  the  edges  of  the  New  Red,  and  the  isolation  of  patches  of 
sedimentary  strata  as  at  Morganthaler’s,  etc.,  were  the  conse¬ 
quences  of  the  production  of  the  rifts  here  alluded  to,  through 
which  molten  rock  would  naturally  find  its  way. 

But  it  ought  to  be  borne  in  mind  that  in  the  great  erosion 
which  has  taken  place  since  these  events,  the  detached  and 
crumbled  portions  must,  for  the  greater  part,  have  been  carried 
away. 

There  is  little  danger  of  having  mistaken  a  plane  of  bedding 
for  one  of  cleavage  in  the  observed  dip  of  S.  E.  67°  to  85°,  be¬ 
tween  Wellsville  and  Dover,  for  the  former,  (as  is  sufficiently 
seen  by  the  part  already  described,)  is  N.  5°  W.  to  N.  10°  W., 
seldom  N.  40°  W.,  with  corresponding  reverse  dips  at  the  com¬ 
mencement  of  the  line  S.  5° — 10°  E.,  whereas  the  law  gov¬ 
erning  this  plane  (be  it  caused  in  whatsoever  manner  it  may) 
is  E.,  to  S.  40°  E.,  and  at  a  uniform  rate  of  change  which  makes 


270  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

a  direct  proportion  between  the  southing  in  the  direction  of  its 
dip  and  the  distance  S.  47°  80'  E.  over  the  line  of  section. 

Leaving  out  of  account  these  alternate  exposures  of  trap  and 
of  sediments  as  not  giving  definite  enough  information  of  the 
position  of  the  strata  to  depend  upon,  we  may  follow  our  line 
of  section  8J  miles  over  the  upturned  edges  of  the  New  Red 
Sandstone,  dipping  with  apparent  regularity  from  N.  37°  W. 
to  W.  35°  N.,  and  with  a  steepness  of  from  20°  to  38°.  There 
are  no  dykes  of  trap  along  lines  of  fracture  which  may  be 
supposed  to  have  thrown  up  the  measures  and  repeated  them 
along  this  line.  Allowing  for  the  flexions  in  the  strata,  there 
is  a  thickness  of  from  16,000  to  19,000  feet  of  the  New  Red 
Sandstone  in  this  portion  of  York  county.  Mr.  Heinrichs,  of 
the  Midlothian  collieries  in  Virginia,  in  several  borings  which 
he  made,  found  the  thickness  of  the  measures  to  be  between 
1,500  and  1,600  feet.  But  pending  the  direct  investigation 
of  this  point  by  exploitation  drill  holes,  sunk  under  the  au¬ 
spices  of  the  survey,  the  thickness  of  the  New  Red  Sandstone 
in  this  portion  of  our  State  might  be  taken  provisionally  at 
somewhere  near  16,000  feet. 

So  far  as  the  measurement  is  based  upon  the  observations 
contained  in  this  section  line  they  are  rendered  of  doubtful  au¬ 
thority  if  unsupported  by  other  facts ;  for,  owing  to  the  large 
area  covered  with  intrusive  traps  the  estimation  was  stopped 
at  (k),  or  the  last  trap  met  with  between  Wellsville  and  Beel¬ 
er’s  cross-roads,  as  nothing  could  be  definitely  predicated  in  re¬ 
gard  to  the  relation  of  the  beds  on  the  opposite  side  of  such 
trap  intrusions.  But  within  this  area  many  favorable  spots 
can  be  selected  for  sinking  a  bore  hole  to  prove  the  'thickness 
of  this  formation,  because  the  region  is  quite  free  from  indica¬ 
tions  of  trap  dykes. 

The  occurrence  at  (i)  of  greenish  gray  sandstone — a  color  sug¬ 
gestively  like  the  chloritic  schists  which  formed  much  of  the 
bottom  of  the  early  Mesozoic  sea,  and  with  which  our  line 
commenced;  makes  the  hypothesis  a  plausible  one  that  this  por¬ 
tion  of  the  section  represents  rocks  near  the  bottom  of  the  se¬ 
ries. 

Attention  was  paid  to  the  order  in  which  the  variegated 

© 

sandstones  or  slabs  followed  each  other,  but  as  yet  no  structure 


DESCRIPTION  OF  CROSS  SECTIONS. 


C.  271 


has  been  made  out  of  such  notes.  This  whole  subject  will  be 
discussed  again  when  the  data  from  actual  observations  on  the 
thickness  are  at  hand. 

The  last  dip  occurs  near  Beeler’s  cross-roads,  which  is  near 
the  starting  point  in  Section  2 a  in  Report  of  Progress  for  1874. 
Here  the  coarse  limestone  conglomerate  dips  H.  60°  W. — 80°. 
It  appears  by  the  work  already  done  on  that  section  (which 
commences  1,000  feet  or  more  north-west  of  the  cross-roads)  that 
this  steep  dip  of  the  conglomerate  is  very  local,  and  merges 
gradually  into  a  gentle  dip  in  the  same  direction,  instead  of 
changing  suddenly,  as  it  would  do  in  an  overthrown  anticlinal ; 
and  this  turning  up  of  the  edge  could  easily  be  explained  by 
the  settling  of  the  floor  on  which  this  Mesozoic  estuary  deposit 
rested.  Its  marginal  portions  would  tilt  upwards  in  a  sort  of 
conglomerate  floe,  like  the  upturned  sheets  of  ice  on  the  banks 
of  a  frozen  river  on  the  recession  of  the  tide. 

Sub- Section,  No.  6a. 

The  line  of  this  section  lies  wholly  within  the  Hew  Red 
Sandstone  formation.  It  starts  from  two  miles  S.  25°  W.  from 
Franklintown  (a)  and  runs  S.  40°  E.  to  a  point  4J  miles  S.  15° 
W.  of  the  town  of  Wellsville. 

It  was  constructed  from  the  data  collected  on  that  part  of 
the  transit  line  which  was  employed  in  locating  the  ore  banks 
of  J.  Lichte  and  Jacob  Smith,  in  Washington  township,  York 
county,  and  the  length  of  the  section  is  about  6J  miles.  Ow¬ 
ing  to  the  circumstance  of  its  lying  entirely  within  the  Meso¬ 
zoic  strata,  it  offers  no  means  of  estimating  the  entire  thick¬ 
ness  of  these  strata. 

The  first  dips  are  in  red  shale,  with  variable  amounts  of  sand, 
but  very  generally  arenaceous. 

The  following  table  will  give  the  dip  and  cleavage  as  accu¬ 
rately  as  this  could  be  ascertained,  together  with  the  material 
in  which  the  dip  was  observed  and  the  number  which  distin¬ 
guishes  it  in  the  collection  to  be  forwarded  to  Harrisburg : 


272  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR  ,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875 


DESCRIPTION  OF  CROSS  SECTIONS 


C.  273 


274  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

Section  No.  7. 

This  section  starts  from  a  point  If  miles  E.  40°  H.  of  Mount 
Holly,  and  runs  S.  27°  E.  to  a  point  2f  miles  S.  W.  of  Media n- 
icsville,  Adams  county. 

A  complete  construction  of  the  curves  of  the  strata  between 
the  terminal  points  of  the  line  cannot  be  accomplished  with  the 
data  above  given,  because  there  is  a  long  distance  from  the  Yel¬ 
low  Breeches  creek,  where  the  Auroral  rocks  were  found  in  place, 
to  Mount  Holly  ore  banks,  where  the  slates  and  quartzite  were 
first  observed  in  place.  This  is  a  distance  of  nearly  two  miles. 
Omitting  this  then  from  the  account  we  come  upon  a  wave  in 
the  strata  2,300  feet  south-east  of  Papertown,  the  sandy  quartzite 
showing  a  narrow  synclinal  of  a  few  hundred  feet  followed  by 
an  anticlinal  of  about  1,000  feet.  Eollowing  over  17,000  feet 
(perpendicular  thickness)  of  quartzite  and  sandy  slates  there  is 
met  another  north-west  dip  in  the  weathered  slates  in  the 
south-east  end  of  the  Thomas  Co.’s  Mt.  Holly  Ore  bank,  which 
affects  the  structure  to  an  uncertain  extent,  but  probably  indi¬ 
cates  a  shallow  and  short  synclinal  trough. 

Succeeding  this  at  a  distance  is  a  south-east  dip  in  quartzite, 
and  then  another  absence  of  exposures  for  about  If  mile  to  an 
outcrop  of  shaly  orthofelsite  porphyry.  How  the  intervening 
rocks  connect  these  two  points  is  not  clear. 

Another  hiatus  of  2f  miles  occurs  here,  where  no  details  of 
rock  position  were  discovered,  but  in  the  succeeding  2f  miles 
there  seems  to  be  sufficient  evidence  for  believing*  the  remains 
of  an  overturned  anticlinal  to  fill  up  this  latter  space.  This  is 
begun  by  a  dip  of  E.  30°  S. — 55°,  and  another  1,800  feet  S.  E. 
on  our  line  gives  E.  40°  S. — 65°,  both  in  chlorite  slates,  which 
represent  the  steep  or  overturned  side  of  the  anticlinal,  whereas 
the  same  material  dipping  E.  30°  S. — 25°,  and  S.  30°  E. — 30° 
is  found  occupying  a  broad  area  of  1,600  feet  or  more,  at  a  dis¬ 
tance  of  3,000  feet  further  on  the  line,  and  is  in  all  probability 
the  gently  and  normally  dipping  limb  of  this  anticlinal.  This 
indicates  a  total  thickness  of  these  slates  of  about  2,000  feet. 
Beyond  this  the  structure  is  made  again  obscure,  owing  to  nu¬ 
merous  intrusions  of  igneous  rocks.  As  a  result  of  this  action, 


DESCRIPTION  OF  CROSS  SECTIONS. 


C.  275 


after  a  mile  from  the  last  exposure,  which  is  filled  up  with 
traps,  a  dip  occurs  just  north-west  of  Lear’s  limestone  quarry, 
of  E.  20°  1ST. — 50°  (?)  probably  cleavage. 

The  limestone  itself  dips  S.  35°  E. — 25°,  and  is  followed  by 
the  New  Red  Sandstone,  which  in  an  exposure,  3,000  feet  further 
on  dips  N.  25°  W. — 30°,  a  general  direction  of  dip  maintained 
to  the  end  of  the  section. 

The  principal  information  which  this  section  affords  us  is 
that  there  are  a  few  shallow  flexures  in  the  South  mountain 
rocks  near  Papertown,  in  Cumberland  county,  and  a  long  in¬ 
verted  anticlinal  in  Adams  county,  near  their  contact  with  the 
overlying  New  Red. 

The  structure  here  assigned  to  the  South  mountain  is  in  the 
main  the  same  as  that  published  in  Rogers’  report  as  part  of 
Section  YII  of  the  last  Survey,  but  Mr.  Rogers  does  not  men¬ 
tion  the  occurrence  of  limestone,  which  is  an  important  ele¬ 
ment  of  the  problem,  be  it  of  what  age  it  may.  I  am  obliged 
to  confess,  too,  that  in  spite  of  considerable  trouble  I  was  una¬ 
ble  to  get  the  data  necessary  for  making  this  section  continuous. 

The  following  table  sums  up  the  information  to  be  derived 
from  a  study  of  section  7  : 


276  C.  r.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 


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DESCRIPTION  OF  CROSS  SECTIONS 


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278  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

Description  of  a  route  over  the  South  Mountain  from  Petersburg 
to  Boiling  Springs ,  covering  part  of  the  ground  which  was  studied 
for  the  construction  of  Section  7. 

Passing  west  on  the  turnpike  to  Carlisle,  a  turn  to  the  right 
on  the  outskirts  of  Petersburg  and  close  by  a  blacksmith’s  shop 
leads  the  traveller  over  a  hill  composed  of  Mesozoic  sandstone 
and  mud  rock  and  shale,  interspersed  here  and  there  with  blocks 
of  trap  (dolerite.)  This  continues  to  Lerew’s  store,  where  the 
route  chosen  causes  one  to  turn  to  the  left.  In  the  vicinity  of 
this  store  are  confused  masses  of  schists,  shales  and  quartz, 
which  line  the  way  as  far  as  Fickle’s. 

A  short  distance  beyond  here,  and  on  the  edge  of  a  grove, 
were  observed  large  boating  boulders  of  a  sandy  schist,  much 
decomposed,  but  still  hard. 

Just  be3rond  this  appear  large  blocks  of  ujaspery  quartzite ” — 
or  orthofelsite,  and  still  further  (say  £  mile  from  Fickle’s)  large 
slabs  of  this  rock,  possibly  in  place,  and  dipping  south-west,  but 
nearly  horizontal. 

The  compact  schists  are  most  abundant,  but  occasionally  there 
appears  sandy  greenish  rock,  laminated  in  layers  of  about  J 
inch  in  thickness,  and  intersected  by  veins  of  quartzite.  At 
about  180  yards  from  the  intersection  of  this  road  with  the  Car¬ 
lisle  turnpike  compact  schists  dip  S.  40°  W. — 14°. 

The  rock  observed  for  several  hundred  yards  along  the  pike 
was  brown  on  the  external  surface,  but  on  being  broken  showed 
itself  to  be  a  sandy  white,  very  much  weathered,  crystalline 
schist,  with  which  was  interbedded  a  considerable  thickness  of 
orthofelsite.  Much  of  the  same  white  sandy  weathered  rock 
occurs  beyond  (north-west.) 

These  schists  continued,  wherever  seen,  to  show  numerous 
intersections  by  quartz  veins,  and  to  be  interstratified  with 
quartzite  up  to  within  three  miles  of  Boiling  Springs  on  the 
road  which  extends  northward  from  the  Carlisle  turnpike  in 
this  direction. 

One  of  their  outcrops  observed  shortly  before  their  replace¬ 
ment  by  sandstone  gave  W.  10°  S.— 20°,  while  the  following 
dip  in  sandstone  was  N.  30°  E. — 20°. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  CROSS  SECTIONS. 


C.  279 


This  would  seem  to  show  not  merely  a  non-conformability 
between  the  older  (ITuronian?)  orthofelsites  and  schists  and 
the  more  recent  (Cambrian?)  sandstone,  but  it  would  seem  ad¬ 
ditionally  to  imply  that  the  alignment  of  the  one  system  was 
the  result  of  causes  entirely  different  from  and  anterior  to  those 
that  formed  the  other.  It  is  not  forgotten  in  this  connection 
that  the  dip  of  17. 10°  E.,  recorded  for  the  newer  of  these  rocks, 
is  abnormal,  and  if  not  due  to  the  suppression  of  the  true  plane 
of  bedding  by  the  cleavage,  is  the  result  of  one  of  those  local 
disturbances,  of  which  the  traces  are  so  abundant  along  the 
flanks  of  this  mountain.  This  dip  was  obtained  in  many  places 
along  a  ledge  of  rocks,  where  it  was  very  improbable  that  the 
bedding  could  have  been  successfully  counterfeited,  and  the 
force,  whatever  it  may  have  been,  which  produced  this  inclina¬ 
tion,  seems  to  have  had  effect  on  the  sandstone,  to  the  exclusion 
of  the  schists. 

Large  numbers  of  boulders  of  dolerite  are  observed  not  far 
from  the  toll-gate,  lining  the  Hew  Oxford  road  southward  from 
its  junction  with  the  Carlisle  turnpike,  filling  the  gutters  in 
places,  and  covering  the  surfaces  of  the  fields. 

This  locality  is  outside  of  any  vestige  of  the  Hew  Red 
Sandstone,  and  is  nearly  between  two  parts  of  the  long  broken 
line  of  trap;  one  of  which,  on  the  last  State  geological  map, is 
seen  to  pass  nothward  from  the  Maryland  line  near  Cashtown, 
Arendtsville  and  Whitestown,  where  it  is  lost  in  the  border  of 
the  South  Mountain  system  ;  and  another  to  begin  not  far  from 
Boiling  Springs,  and  to  continue  to  cut  all  the  measures,  till 
its  trace  is  finally  lost  far  north  of  the  Susquehanna.  Ho  trace 
of  trap  has  been  noticed  from  here  northward  to  a  point  in  the 
Cumberland  Valley.  The  locality  where  these  boulders 
of  trap  were  observed  was  entirely  within  the  limits  of  the 
South  Mountain  system,  and  almost  directly  between  the 
south  end  of  this  long  dyke  and  the  north  extremity  of  the 
thread  of  trap  first  noticed.  If  this  should  prove  to  be  in  re¬ 
ality  a  continuation  of  this  dyke  through  the  area  of  the  pre- 
Silurian  rocks,  it  would  be  a  phenomena  of  great  interest.  The 
circumstances  are  very  unfavorable  for  observing  any  effect  on 
the  topography  of  such  a  dyke,  for  the  mountains  are  very  much 
eroded,  and  for  the  most  part  covered  deep  under  their  own  de- 


280  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR  ,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

bris;  nor  is  the  power  of  the  dolerite  to  resist  this  erosion  so 
different  from  the  surrounding  rock  (as  is  the  case  in  the  soft 
Mesozoic  measures)  as  to  give  rise  to  any  higher  ridges  than  they. 

Except  by  some  favorable  accident,  then,  the  only  manner  of 
proving  the  existence  of  such  a  dyke  would  be  by  such  frag¬ 
ments  and  boulders  as  are  here  seen. 

Section  No.  8. 

This  extends  from  a  point  on  the  Yellow  Breeches  creek,  1J 
miles  N.  20°  W.  of  Milltown,  Cumberland  county,  to  a  point  { 
of  a  mile  north-east  of  Bendersville,  Adams  county,  a  distance 
of  9J  miles. 

The  first  exposures  noted  are  in  the  limestone  quarry  about 
l  mile  north-west  of  the  Yellow  Breeches  Creek,  and  forming 
a  low  bluff  parallel  to  the  stream. 

A  dip*of  E.  40°  S. — 50°  was  followed  by  another  exposure  in 
the  same  rock,  and  at  a  distance  of  150  feet,  of  17.  20°  W. — 
25°.  One  of  these  planes  may  be  cleavage,  and  as  the  next 
following  2J  miles  of  section  are  over  a  flat  bottom  land,  cov¬ 
ered  perhaps  several  hundred  feet  deep  with  the  debris  of  the 
mountain  rocks,  there  is  no  means  of  determining  this  point. 

The  bed  of  the  Yellow  Breeches  creek  occurs  at  a  distance 
of  1,500  feet  from  the  starting  point.  There  is  a  gradual  rise 
of  the  country  from  there  to  14,300  feet  from  the  initial  point, 
where  an  exposure  of  quartzite  proves  to  dip  S. — 40°. 

The  section  can  be  most  succinctly  described  in  the  follow¬ 
ing  table: 


Distance  in  Provisio  n  a  1 

feet  from  field  num- 

Observations.  Cleavage.  Dip.  Character  of  Rock.  starting  berofspeci- 

p’t  of  sec-  men  in  coi¬ 

tion.  lection 


DESCRIPTION  OF  CROSS  SECTIONS.  C.  281 


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H}rdro-mica  schist . I  37,900  ‘  989 


DESCRIPTION  OF  CROSS  SECTIONS 


C.  283 


284  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

This  section  presents  a  few  noticeable  features  which  serve 
to  corroborate  the  structure  of  the  South  Mountain,  as  inter¬ 
preted  from  other  sections.  There  is  the  usual  absence  of  ex¬ 
posures  between  the  first  distinctly  marked  outcrop  of  limestone 
and  the  first  dip  in  the  South  Mountain  rocks. 

Omitting  the  2  J  miles  which  intervene  between  these  two  out¬ 
crops  in  this  section,  we  have  first  an  overturned  synclinal  of  about 
1,100  feet  between  the  exterior  limits  of  the  limbs  on  the  present 
surface.  Between  the  axis  of  this  and  the  next  synclinal  there 
intervene  about  4,800  feet,  chiefly  filled  with  the  successive  over 
lying  strata  of  the  south-east  limb  of  an  anticlinal. 

To  what  extent  the  shortly  following  dip  of  S.  30°  E. — 80° 
may  affect  the  measures  is  not  certain,  but  it  is  clear  that  this 
dip  occurs  very  near  the  axis  of  the  anticlinal  to  which  it  be¬ 
longs,  for  a  few  hundred  feet  further  on  occurs  a  dip  of  E.  40° 
S.— 45°. 

This  is  closely  succeeded  by  a  very  gentle  north-west  dip, 
viz :  N.  20°  W. — 25°,  which  is  again  joined  to  one  of  E.  40° 
S.— 40° 

Between  the  steep  dip  of  S.  30°  E. — 80°  and  E.  40°  S. — 40°, 
there  intervene  about  1,600  feet,  and  the  synclinal  which  this 
space  includes  is  doubtless  part  of  a  collapsed  anticlinal  fold. 
Two-thirds  of  a  mile  further  along  the  line  is  another  gentle 
north-west  dip,  which,  however,  owing  to  the  decomposition  to 
which  all  these  rocks  have  been  subjected,  is  somewhat  doubt¬ 
ful,  and  if  it  exist  will  only  subtract  a  small  amount  from  the 
thickness  of  the  measures. 

But  a  short  distance  from  this  north-west  dip  occurs  the  Au¬ 
roral  limestone  of  the  Thomas  Iron  Co.’s  quarries,  near  Pine 
Grove,  with  a  dip  of  S.  30°  E. — 40°.  There  are  no  notes  of 
this  line  which  settle  the  question  of  the  conformability  or  non- 
conforraability  of  this  limestone,  and  as  the  proximate  portions 
of  the  line  contain  no  exposures,  and  only  loose  fragments  of 
quartzite,  it  is  left  as  a  single  outcrop  to  divide  the  series  of  the 
north-west  from  those  of  the  south-east. 

1  he  varieties  of  rock  which  have  been  met  with  heretofore 
are  all  more  or  less  related  to  the  quartz  conglomerate  schist,  or 
quartzose  schist,  which  has  been  elsewhere  referred  to  as 
“  Mountain  Creek  Rock.” 


DESCRIPTION  OF  CROSS  SECTIONS. 


C.  285 


At  this  point  a  gradual  change  begins  as  induced  from  the 
loose  boulders  and  fragments,  whereby  orthofelsite  and  its  many 
modifications,  takes  the  place  of  this  conglomerate  and  persists 
to  the  end  of  the  line. 

The  quartzose  schists  north-west  of  this  line  dividing  the  two 
series  appear  to  underlie  the  before-mentioned  orthofelsite  group 
to  the  south-east  of  it,  which  first  appears  in  a  steep  and  short 
synclinal  and  anticlinal,  each  having  a  spread  of  about  800 
feet  and  the  latter  being  followed  by  a  broad  and  gently 
sweeping  synclinal  which  covers  the  last  two  miles  of  this  sec¬ 
tion. 

Hence,  it  is  made  apparent  that  the  great  South  Mountain 
chain  is  composed  essentially  of  two  groups  of  rocks,  the 
lower  (and  along  this  line  the  north-western)  consisting  of  va¬ 
rious  modifications  of  the  quartz  conglomerate  above  spoken  of, 
and  in  which  quartzite  occurs  under  various  forms.  The  upper, 
and  south-easterly  group  is  felsitic  in  character,  but  contains 
also  large  beds  of  hydro-mica  and  chlorite  schists,  intersected 
by  veins  of  milk  quartz ;  while  the  orthofelsite  itself  presents 
every  variety  of  appearance,  from  a  sandy  and  earthy  slate,  in 
which  the  crystals  of  orthoclase  are  very  much  decomposed,  in¬ 
deed  are  sometimes  almost  clay,  through  the  jasper-like  variety 
to  the  massive  and  coarsely  porphyritic  structure  in  which  it  is 
suited  to  be  used  as  an  ornamental  building  stone. 

This  section  ends  about  1J  miles  north-west  of  the  edge  of 
the  Mesozoic  sandstone,  which  cuts  the  Bendersville-Gettysburg 
road  about  1  mile  south  of  the  former  town. 

Note. — The  districts  which  furnished  the  data  for  sections 
Nos.  9,  10  and  11  of  this  report  were  more  thoroughly  in¬ 
vestigated  during  the  summer  of  1876.  The  sections  here  given 
under  those  heads  will  be  regarded  as  provisional  simply,  and 
subject  to  modification  from  the  work  of  the  present  year. 


Section  9. 

The  line  starts  from  a  point  on  the  Gettysburg  and  Shippens- 
burg  road,  at  the  summit  of  the  South  mountain,  eight  miles 
N.  48°  W.  of  Arendtsville,  and  runs  S.  42°  30'  E.  to  a  point 
three  miles  W.  35°  N.  of  Arendtsville. 


286  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

The  surface  of  the  mountain  in  this  the  first  4,600  feet  of  the 
section  is  sandy  and  destitute  of  exposures,  though  there  are 
found  many  fragments  of  quartzite  strewn  over  the  surface.  At 
this  point  an  outcrop  of  quartzose  schist  exhibits  a  dip  of  S.  45° 
E.— 60°. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  CROSS  SECTIONS.  C.  287 


!  Dist’ce  in  Provisional 
feet  from;  field  num- 

Clearage.  Dip.  Character  of  Rocks.  starting  berofspec- 

p’tofsec-  imens  in 
tion.  collection. 


288  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875 


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DESCRIPTION  OF  CROSS  SECTIONS. 


C.  289 


Again  in  this  section  the  orthofelsite  seems  to  overlie  the 
quartzose  conglomerate  schist,  although  there  is  the  same  gap 
filled  with  the  debris  of  igneous  rock,  which  was  noticeable  in 
a  previous  section.  But  whether  this  unexplored  region  repre¬ 
sents  a  line  of  displacement  or  not,  it  is  still  true  that  the  rocks 
increase  in  felsitic  character  to  the  south-east,  and  in  conglom¬ 
erate  schistose  character  to  the  north-west. 

The  data  do  not  admit  of  the  structure  being  laid  down  con¬ 
tinuously  with  certainty. 


Section  10. 

This  section  commences  at  a  point  2J  miles  IT.  7°  E.  of  Green¬ 
wood,  and  runs  to  a  point  2J  miles  E.  40°  S.  of  Caledonia  Fur¬ 
nace.  Its  length  is  5.75  miles.  It  is  in  fact  part  of  one  long 
section  from  Greenwood  to  Littlestown  which,  however,  owing 
to  the  non-conformability  of  the  dip  of  the  rocks  to  the  line 
above  indicated,  and  the  absence  of  topographical  notes  on  the 
line  of  mean  direction  of  dip  must  needs  be  broken  up  into  three 
parts  to  avoid  projecting  the  outcrops  too  great  a  distance  to 
the  line  of  the  section. 

The  South  Mountain  presents  a  persistent  series  of  ridges 
from  Cashtown  to  Greenwood,  (a  distance  of  over  eight  miles,) 
which  the  nearly  east  and  west  turnpike  cuts  at  an  oblique  an¬ 
gle  opposite  Greenwood,  the  ends  of  the  ridges  quite  suddenly 
falls  off  to  the  N.  W.,  making  a  continuation  of  the  ridges  in 
echelon  and  leaving  open  a  wide  funnel-shaped  gorge  from  the 
conical  hill  near  Africa,  1  mile  S.  of  Greenwood  to  the  mouth  of 
the  ravine  made  by  Phillaman’s  Bun.  The  commencement  of 
this  section  line  being  north-east  of  Greenwood,  lies  within  the 
mountains,  but  not  far  from  their  north-west  margin.  The  coun¬ 
try  is  very  inaccessible  and  wild,  and  presents  great  obstacles 
to  topographical  work. 

The  first  dip  (a)  is  in  whitish  gray  sandstone,  or  a  material 
into  which  the  quartzite  conglomerate  seems  to  weather. 


290  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875 


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DESCRIPTION  OF  CROSS  SECTIONS, 


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292  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

So  far  as  this  portion  of  the  longer  section  is  concerned  it 
shows  a  prevalence  of  south-east  dips  from  its  north-west  to  its 
south-east  extremity.  The  character  of  the  rock  is  either  a 
conglomerate  or  quartzite  for  nearly  five  miles.  At  this  point 
the  quartzite  becomes  more  blue  in  color  and  is  replaced  by  or- 
thofelsite  porphyry.  If  the  long  gap  of  two  miles  near  the  com¬ 
mencement  of  the  section  prove  to  contain  also  quartzite  with 
the  average  south-east  dip,  the  thickness  of  that  rock  here  ex¬ 
posed  will  be  not  less  than  14,000  feet,  or  little  less  than  three 
miles.  It  is  yet  premature  to  discuss  the  possibility  of  such  an 
enormous  production  of  quartzite. 

The  breadth  of  the  mountains  is  here  at  its  greatest.  It  is 
natural  to  seek  the  explanation  of  the  sudden  change  in  direc¬ 
tion  of  dip  between  the  north-west,  or  quartzite,  series  of  the 
rocks  of  this  part  of  the  South  Mountain,  and  the  orthofelsite, 
or  south-east  series  of  the  same  range.  Where  the  change  of 
formation  occurs  (at  25,050  feet  from  the  starting  point)  the 
dip  is  also  changed  from  E.  10°  S. — 40°  to  S.  30°  E. — 39°. 

This  would  be  very  strong  evidence  of  non-conformability  did 
not  the  previously  examined  structure  of  similar  passages  fail 
to  support  it,  and  were  not  the  equally  abrupt  changes  of  dip  in 
the  quartzite  itself  numerous.  It  certainly  seems  as  if  the  line 
of'  this  alteration  were  one  pretty  distinctly  marked,  and  divided 
two  classes  of  rocks,  each  of  which  had  its  own  characteristic 
strike. 


Section  1 1 . 

Commences  2|  miles  N.  2C°  E.  of  Caledonia  Furnace,  and  runs  S.  38°  30'  E.  to  a  point  2J  miles  W.  5°  S. 

of  Cashtown. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  CROSS  SECTIONS. 


C.  293 


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.  40°  E. — 40°  1  Schistose  conglomerate . I  15,700  I  1,149 


Section  11. — Continued. 


204  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 


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DESCRIPTION  OF  CROSS  SECTIONS. 


C.  295 


We  have  in  this  section  (commencing  north-east  of  the  Cale¬ 
donia  Furnace)  first  a  quartzite  colored  pink  by  its  fragments  of 
amethystine  quartz. 

This  is  followed  by  about  2^  miles  of  a  schistose  conglomerate 
consisting  of  a  nacreous  base,  with  fragments  (rounded  or  angu¬ 
lar)  of  quartz.  Within  this  distance  occur  three  small  syncli¬ 
nals,  which  appear,  however  to  be  mere  shallow  rolls.  It  is  not 
safe  to  assume  the  thickness  of  these  measures  from  the  data 
which  could  be  obtained,  but  if  there  be  nothing  unknown  to 
contradict  them  the  quartzite  will  have  a  perpendicular  thick¬ 
ness  of  3,200  feet  and  the  schistose  conglomerate  of  6,400  feet. 

Superposed  upon  this  latter  is  a  small  synclinal  trough  of  hydro¬ 
mica  slates,  the  south-east  limit  of  which  descends,  forming  a  nar¬ 
row  anticlinal.  These  measures  are  not  more  than  700  or  800  feet 
thick,  and  carry  above  them  (S.  E.)  a  thin  layer  of  quartzose  schist. 

Close  upon  this  the  orthofelsite  again  comes  in,  and  again  with 
great  variation  of  dip  and  strike,  (i.  e.7  from  S.  40°  E. — 35°  in 
quartzose  schist  to  S.  15°  E. — 70°  in  orthofelsite).  This  latter 
exchanges  the  steep  dip  of  70°  very  soon  for  gentle  dips  of  30° 
to  35°,  increases  the  easting  of  its  direction  from  S.  15°  E., 
to  S.  30°  E.,  and  appears  to  continue  monoclinal  from  the  point 
of  its  commencement  for  a  mile  and  a  half,  or  to  the  end  of 
this  section,  representing  (if  there  be  no  unknown  reverse  dips) 
nearly  5,000  feet  thickness  of  strata. 

Section  11  a. 

Starts  from  Cashtown  and  proceeds  S.  58°  E.  along  the  Get- 
tysburg-Chambersburg  turnpike,  7f  miles,  to  Gettysburg. 

Close  by  the  western  end  of  Cashtown  is  the  not  very  distinctly 
marked  dividing  line  between  the  Hew  Red  Sandstone  and  the 
older  rocks  of  the  South  mountain  series.  The  latter  are  found  in  a 
bank  as  debris,  but  both  the  color  of  the  soil  and  the  absence  of  the 
characteristic  traits  of  the  Mesozoic  sandstone  leave  no  doubt  as  to 
the  general  position  of  the  boundary  line  between  these  measures. 

Commencing  the  line  at  the  centre  of  the  town,  we  have,  at  1,000 
feet  towards  Gettysburg,  fragments  of  quartzite,  with  Scolithus. 

At  2,000  feet  the  soil  exhibits  a  very  gradual  increase  in  red 
color.  F ragments  of  quartzite  and  quartz  conglomerate  are  found. 

At  2,880  feet  occurs  the  projection  of  Minter’s,  and  at  3,800 
feet  of  Comfort’s  ore. 


296  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 


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208  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

The  topographical  features  of  this  section  line  between  Cash- 
town  and  Gettysburg  would  seem  to  indicate  a  larger  number 
of  trap  ridges  than  are  here  mentioned  as  having  been  passed 
over,  and  no  doubt  there  are  several  such  ridges  made  by  the 
greater  or  less  induration  of  the  Mesozoic  rocks  by  contact 
with  molten  matter,  which  either  never  reached  the  surface  or 
of  which  the  traces  have  since  been  destroyed  by  erosion. 

It  is  not  impossible  that  masses  of  sedimentary  rocks  extend¬ 
ing  to  considerable  depths  may  have  been  baked  from  above  by 
surface  overflows  of  molten  trap,  similar  to  those  which  produce 
the  11  Mesas11  of  Colorado  and  Hew  Mexico,  and  that  afterwards 
the  whole  of  these  horizontal  plates  of  hard  rock  may  have  been 
planed  off  and  carried  away,  together  with  part  of  the  extremi¬ 
ties  of  the  inclined  strata  upon  which  such  plates  rested.  Be¬ 
sides  this,  however,  we  must  consider  that  rocks  of  certain  com¬ 
position  are  more  easily  altered  or  indurated  than  others,  and 
that  the  same  amount  of  heat  transferred  to  both  kinds  would 
produce  much  greater  hardness,  and  capacity  to  resist  attrition 
in  one  than  in  the  other,  so  that  if  this  mesa  hypothesis  be  not 
deemed  untenable  it  would  seem  to  account  for  the  presence  of 
hills  and  dales,  the  former  caused  by  hard  rocks,  altered  by  heat, 
though  the  agent  which  supplied  this  heat  had  entirely  disap¬ 
peared. 

A  careful  examination  of  the  trap  dyke  which  makes  Semi¬ 
nary  Ridge  in  the  cutting  made  for  the  old  “Tape  Worm”  rail¬ 
road  elicited  the  following  facts  : 

A  sketch  and  description  of  this  cut  is  given  in  the  2d  vol¬ 
ume,  part  II,  of  H.  D.  Rogers’  final  report,  but  then  the  obser¬ 
ver  was  impressed  differently  as  regards  the  parts  which  were 
altered  and  those  which  were  of  true  igneous  origin,  (pp.  691 
and  913  Rogers’  Report,  Yol.  II,  Part  2.) 

On  the  two  pages  above  mentioned  are  cuts,  each  of  which  is 
apparently  intended  to  represent  this  same  portion  of  the  ridge, 
but  they  are  not  identical,  for  whereas  that  on  p.  691  is  repre¬ 
sented  without  a  fault,  the  other  shows  a  fault  of  strange  shape. 

The  text  accompanying  the  former  of  these  cuts  gives  the 
trap  as  150  feet  wide,  with  50  feet  of  altered  sandstone  on  each 
side  of  it,  gradually  passing  into  the  normal  red  sandstone  of 


DESCRIPTION  OF  CROSS  SECTIONS. 


C.  299 


the  region.  The  following  is  the  description  of  its  appearance 
June  9,  1875 : 

The  railroad  cutting  through  the  Seminary  Ridge  is  600  feet 
long,  and  for  the  north-west  half  of  this  distance  the  red  sand¬ 
stone  is  seen  to  dip  gently  north-west.  In  the  middle  is  a  bluish 
indurated  mud  rock,  with  about  the  same  dip,  and  from  this 
point  for  50  feet  to  the  south-east  the  sides  of  the  cut  are  so 
completely  decomposed  to  earth  that  the  nature  of  the  rock  is 
not  clearly  distinguishable. 

The  rock  underlying  these  debris  appears  to  be  a  trap  of 
alteration ;  that  is,  a  sandstone  originally  altered  to  a  trap  by 
heat  and  pressure,  and  subsequently  partly  disintegrated  on  the 
outside,  so  as  to  resemble  a  sandstone,  and  leaving  two  planes 
of  cleavage  perpendicular  to  the  bed  planes  of  the  adjacent 
strata. 

Many  boulders  of  dolerite  of  over  two  tons  in  weight,  and 
exhibiting  fresh  surfaces  of  fracture,  lie  in  the  cut,  and  prob¬ 
ably  have  been  detached  recently  from  the  true  dyke  whose 
edges  are  now  covered. 

The  foot  and  hanging  wall  of  this  dyke  appear  to  dip  south¬ 
east,  and  this  looks  as  if  the  dyke  had  followed  a  plane  of  cleav¬ 
age  to  the  surface,  a  phenomenon  closely  allied  to  that  of  the 
opposite  directions  of  dip  of  trap  and  sandstone  observed  and 
remarked  in  the  vicinity  of  the  ore  mines  near  Dillsburg. 

According  to  this  view,  there  are  not,  at  the  highest  estimate, 
more  than  50  feet  of  true  trap,  the  rest  being  merely  altered  or 
indurated  rocks  for  50  feet  or  more  on  either  hand.  The  cleav¬ 
age  planes  parallel  with  that  of  the  dyke  fade  rapidly  and  soon 
disappear,  both  east  and  west  of  the  latter. 

Section  12. 

This  section,  which  is  a  complement  to  Section  11a,  and 
with  it  spans  the  New  Red  Sandstone  belt,  commences  at  Get¬ 
tysburg  and  runs  nine  and  one-tenth  miles  to  Littlestown,  but 
dips  were  obtained  only  over  a  part  of  this  distance,  viz  :  from 
a  point  3  miles  S.  24°  W.  of  Gettysburg  to  a  point  1  mile  N. 
11°  E.  of  Littlestown.  Proceeding  from  the  square  of  Gettys¬ 
burg  outwards  to  where  the  dips  on  the  line  actually  commence, 
we  have : 


300  0.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 


•snoi^BAjesqo 


19,420 


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Cleavage.  Dip.  Character  of  Rock.  star  ting  ber  of  spec- 

p’tofsec-  iniens  in 

tion.  collection. 


302  C, 


P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875 


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DESCRIPTION  OF  CROSS  SECTIONS.  C.  303 

In  glancing  over  this  part  of  the  section  of  the  Mesozoic  belt, 
which  crosses  this  State  and  extends  north-east  across  New  Jer¬ 
sey  into  New  York,  and  south-west  across  Maryland  into  Vir¬ 
ginia,  there  is  very  little  material  on  which  to  base  hypotheses. 
There  appear  to  be  a  remarkable  uniformity  of  north-west  dips, 
broken  only  by  the  intrusion  of  igneous  matter  and  by  planes  of 
cleavage  ;  and  not  a  very  great  variety  of  rocks  when  regarded 
from  a  general  point  of  view. 

There  seems  to  be  decidedly  more  westing  in  the  direction  of 
the  dip  of  the  measures  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Mesozoic  ba¬ 
sin  than  on  the  western  side.  A  comparison  of  the  dips  taken 
in  sections  Nos.  10a  and  12  will  show  this.  The  average  of  twenty- 
five  dips  taken  from  Cashtown  to  Gettysburg  gives  a  direction  of 
W.  35.4°  N. — 22.44°,  whereas  the  average  of  forty-five  dips  be¬ 
tween  Gettysburg  and  Littlestown  gives  W.  22.5°  N. — 20.  76°. 

It  is  significant  that  the  intensity  remains  nearly  the  same  in 
these  two  parts  of  the  estuary,  while  there  is  a  variation  of  about 
13°  in  direction.  The  deductions  of  Dana  and  others  as  to  the 
supposed  enormous  thickness  of  these  deposits  seems  to  be  con¬ 
firmed  by  these  facts,  and  yet  there  is  good  reason  for  believing 
from  the  observations  on  this  formation  made  by  Mr.  Heinrichs, 
of  Virginia,  and  especially  from  his  exploitations  with  the  Diamond 
drill;  that  the  normal  thickness  of  the  New  Red  Sandstone,  in 
this  part  of  America  at  least,  will  be  found  not  very  much  to  ex¬ 
ceed  1,500  feet,  though  if  there  be  nothing  but  a  continuous  se¬ 
ries  of  superposed  layers  this  section  alone  would  require  them 
to  be  over  three  miles  (or  16,400  feet)  thick,  and  section  11a 
somewhat  more. 

The  only  safe  method  of  settling  this  very  important  question 
of  the  thickness  of  these  measures  is  by  boring. 

Three  or  four  bore  holes  judiciously  located  and  pushed  through 
the  Mesozoic  sandstones  would  not  only  be  of  the  greatest  ser¬ 
vice  in  settling  the  present  position  of  this  formation,  but  would 
serve  to  answer  many  questions  of  economic  importance,  as  well 
as  those  relating  to  the  genesis  of  these  most  curious  rocks. 

The  following  are  some  of  these  questions  demanding  solu¬ 
tion  : 

What  is  the  actual  thickness  of  the  Mesozoic  series  at  its  mid¬ 
dle  point  ? 


304  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

Does  it  thin  out  towards  both  edges  ? 

What  is  the  contour  of  its  bottom  ? 

Are  the  iron  ores  of  this  formation  all  deposited  between  bed 
plates,  or  in  cleavage  planes,  or  in  both? 

Is  the  bed  rock  upon  which  this  series  rests  the  same  from  one 
extremity  of  the  basin  to  the  other,  or  do  rocks  of  different  ages 
form  its  bed  at  different  localities  ? 

How  far  continuous  in  a  lateral  direction  are  the  copper,  iron, 
fossils  and  coal  ? 

Are  different  periods  of  Mesozoic  time  represented  in  differ¬ 
ent  portions  of  the  New  Red  Sandstone? 


DESCRIPTION  OF  ROCKS. 


C.  305 


CHAPTER  XII. 

Description  of  Rocks . 

The  rocks  which  formed  the  objects  of  investigation  during 
the  season  of  1875  belonged  to  the  same  three  ages  which  were 
touched  upon  in  the  previous  report,  nevertheless  few  analyses 
of  these  were  finished  in  time  for  this  continuation  of  it. 

LIMESTONES. 

Some  very  interesting  speculations  have  been  made  as  to  the 
limestones  of  the  pristine  earth,  and  the  condition  of  the 
earth’s  crust  during  the  production  of  dolomites,  (see  Dr.  T. 
Sterry  Hunt’s  Chemical  and  Geological  Essays,)  and  it  is  clear 
that  the  subject  is  worthy  of  careful  study. 

Another  line  of  investigation  of  great  importance  is  the  infiu- 
fluence  which  dolomitic  limestone  must  exercise  on  the  topogra¬ 
phy  of  a  country.  Prof.  Lesley  has  shown  the  important  part 
in  the  production  of  the  present  surface  that  the  slow  solution 
and  destruction  of  the  limestones  of  the  earth  below  water  level, 
with  the  consequent  caving  in  of  the  strata  which  rest  on  them, 
has  played. 

It  is  easy  to  see  that  different  kinds  of  effects  would  be  pro¬ 
duced  by  the  rapid  waste  of  pure  carbonate  of  lime  and  the 
slower  destruction  of  magnesian  or  dolomitic  rocks.  And  the 
effect  of  water  on  either  of  them  singly  would  not  resemble  that 
on  their  combination  in  separate  layers  or  benches,  an  association 
in  which  they  are  so  frequently  found  in  the  great  valleys  of  Si¬ 
lurian  and  pre-Silurian  rocks  on  the  Atlantic  border. 

As  these  limestones  of  the  Cumberland  and  York  Valleys  are 
more  thoroughly  investigated,  the  heterogeneous  character  of 
the  layers  which  compose  them  will  be  much  more  perfectly 
understood. 


306  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

I  have  sought  to  ascertain  the  horizon  of  a  given  stratum 
in  these  measures  by  ascertaining  its  percentage  of  magnesium, 
and,  indeed,  were  any  such  test  reliable,  it  would  be  of  the 
greatest  importance  for  the  stratigraphical  geologist. 

With  the  purpose  of  submitting  to  this  test  as  many  of  the 
limestones  as  possible,  I  made  a  selection  of  representatives 
of  the  principal  beds  whose  place  in  the  series  has  been  estab¬ 
lished  by  the  party  of  York,  Franklin  and  Adams  counties.  Their 
names  are  as  follows : 

No.  1  is  a  sandy  limestone  from  the  west  branch  of  Creitz’s 
creek,  in  the  town  of  Wrightsville.  If  the  interpretation  of 
the  structure  given  in  my  Report  of  Progress  for  1874  be  cor¬ 
rect,  this  limestone  belongs  at  or  near  the  base  of  the  “Auroral” 
series,  and  immediately  above  the  chlorite  and  hydro-mica  schists. 

No.  2  is  a  specimen  taken  from  the  upper  bench  of  a  quarry 
near  Pine  Grove  Furnace,  Cumberland  county.  It  probably 
represents  one  of  the  higher  beds  of  the  “Auroral.”  Upon  it 
was  found  crystallized  calcite  containing  over  98  per  cent  of 
CaCo3,  with  hardly  a  trace  of  magnesia. 

No.  3  is  a  specimen  taken  from  a  lower  bench  (perhaps  25 
feet  perpendicular  to  the  measures)  of  the  same  quarry. 

No.  4  is  an  example  of  the  white  or  buff-colored  limestones 
which  occur,  together  with  the  blue  limestones,  often  in  the 
same  quarry,  but,  nevertheless,  usually  exhibiting  indications  of 
unconformability  with  them.  These  limestones  are  usually  poor 
in  magnesia. 

No.  5  is  taken  from  DetweileFs  quarry,  north  of  the  Colum¬ 
bia  bridge,  in  Wrightsville.  Its  position  is,  in  all  probability, 
midway  between  the  upper  and  lower  benches  of  the  Auroral 
limestone. 

No.  6  is  taken  from  DetweileFs  quarry,  south  of  Wrights¬ 
ville,  and  is  (as  its  analysis  shows)  a  calcareous  slate  underly¬ 
ing  one  of  the  many  belts  of  the  formation. 

The  limestone  slates  which  occur  with  this  one  in  the  foot  of 
the  quarry  are  remarkable  for  the  very  large  amount  of  pyrite 
crystals  which  they  contain.  Some  of  these  crystals  are  half 
an  inch  on  one  edge. 

The  specific  gravity  was  determined  with  care. 


.  DESCRIPTION  OF  ROCKS. 


C.  307 


*For  this  determination  the  specific  gravity  bottle  was  not  em¬ 
ployed,  its  mission  being  considered  rather  to  obtain  the  density 
of  chemically  homogeneous  compounds.  For  determinations  of. 
the  specific  gravity  of  rocks,  coals,  etc.,  etc.,  whose  weight  be¬ 
comes  an  important  item  in  their  transportation  for  the  great  in¬ 
dustries,  it  was  believed  that  the  weight  of  a  given  bulk  could 
be  more  accurately  determined  without  taking  especial  care  to 
exclude  the  air  with  which  they  are  partly  tilled. 


ANALYSIS  OF  LIMESTONES. 


tzj  Sandy  limestone, 
?  west  branch  of 
Creitz’s  creek. 

o  Pine  Grove  quarry, 
^  upper  bench. 

^  Pine  Grove  quarry, 

*  lower  bench. 

03 

* 

^  White  limestone, 
?  lOOy’ds  E.of  Bee- 
ler’s  Cross-roads. 

^  Detweiler’s  quarry 

?  north-west  of 

Wrightsville. 

^  Detweiler’s  quarry 

?  south  of  Wrights- 

•p  ville. 

. 

Specific  gravity  (in  lump). . 

2.832 

2.735 

2.731 

2.750 

2.737 

2.770 

Insoluble  siliceous  residue, 

4.400 

12.270 

12.000 

3.570 

0.490 

41.710 

Alumina  and  ferric  oxide. . 

1.170 

1.540 

0.450 

0.210 

1.440 

6.350 

Carbonate  of  lime . 

|49.920 

J75.320 

81.617 

§91.580 

91.400 

43.728 

Cabonate  of  magnesia . 

,42.980 

10.750 

6.400 

1T4.no 

7.290 

6.450 

Sulphur . 

0.220 

0.120 

0.422 

0.113 

0.003 

1.480 

Sum . 

98.690 

100.000 

100.489 

99.583 

100.623 

99.718 

Undetermined  and  loss . 

1.31 

0.282 

Excess . 

0.489 

0.417 

0.623 

Metallic  iron . 

0.354 

0.698 

0.196 

1.827 

Alumina.. . 

0.505 

0.541 

1.454 

3.740 

Determinations  of  the  carbonate  of  lime  and  magnesia  in  these 
rocks  were  made  independently  by  Mr.  D.  M’Creath,  and  are  as 
follows  : 


*In  all  the  subjoined  specific  gravity  determinations,  fragments  weighing 
from  3  grammes  to  12  grammes,  were  gently  warmed  and  turned  over  in  dis¬ 
tilled  water  and  set  aside  for  24  hours. 

The  temperature  of  the  water  in  which  the  second  weighing  tooK  place, 
was  62°  Fah. 

f  Determined  by  Mr.  David  M’Creath. 

J  By  loss.  73.6  as  determined  directly  by  Mr.  D  .  M’Creath. 

§  Mean  of  two  determinations. 

If  Determined  by  Mr.  D.  M’Creath. 


308  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 


No.  1. 

No.  2. 

No.  3. 

No.  4. 

No.  5. 

No.  6. 

Calcium  carbonate . 

Magnesium  carbonate . 

49.92 

42.98 

73.  GO 
10.98 

86.39 

6.42 

91.67 

4.11 

91.25 

7.58 

0.760 

0.196 

44.50 

8.56 

* 

I  am  indebted  to  Dr.  Cresson  for  his  courtesy  in  offering  the 
facilities  of  his  laboratory  for  this  investigation. 


As  a  supplement  to  this  table  the  following  is  taken  from  p.  113 
of  my  Report  of  Progress  in  the  District  of  York  and  Adams 
for  1874.f 

LIMESTONES. 

7.  New  Red  Sandstone  near  Dillsburg,  foot  of  MacWilliams, 
slope. 

8.  Opposite  Allison’s  Mill,  Xenia  P.  0.,  York  county. 

9.  From  Shaft  No.  5,  three-fourths  of  a  mile  east  from  Mont 
Alto  furnace. 

10.  Half  a  mile  south  of  Seitzland,  in  a  cutting  of  the  N.  C. 
R.  R.  (A  calcite  very  similar  to  that  above  described  as  occur¬ 
ring  on  the  upper  bench  of  the  Pine  Grove  quarry  is  found 
here.) 


MI. 

VIII. 

IX. 

X. 

Calcium  cabonate . 

73.18 

62.35 

77.89 

93.87 

Magnesium  carbonate . 

4.37 

6.32 

2.83 

0.96 

Metallic  iron  . 

0.52 

5.27 

1.33 

0.30 

Insoluble  siliceous  residue . 

21.50 

20.06 

15.89 

4.30 

Sum  . 

99.57 

94.00 

97.94 

99.43 

Oxygen,  organic  matter,  water  and 
loss . 

0.43 

6.00 

2.06 

6.57 

Roofing  Slates. 


Mr.  Benade,  of  Hanover,  opened  a  slate  quarry^  about  three- 
fourths  of  a  mile  east  by  north  of  the  cross-roads  near  Hofacker’s 
mine,  and  a  line  was  run  from  the  latter  place  (which  was  lo¬ 
cated  on  the  map  of  last  year)  to  the  quarry  for  the  purpose  of 

*Some  sulphide  is  present,  assulphydric  acid  is  produced  when  the  rock 
is  treated  with  hydrochloric  acid. 

\  These  analyses  were  made  by  Mr.  A.  S.  M’Creath,  Chemist  of  the  Second 
Geological  Survey  of  Penns\rlvania. 

J  This  quarry  is  briefly  alluded  to  on  p.  101  of  the  report  for  1874. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  ROCKS. 


C.  309 


determining  its  geological  position  with  reference  to  other 
rocks  described  in  the  report  for  1874. 

The  quarry  is  on  the  right  (north-east  bank  of  a  small  tribu¬ 
tary  of  the  west  branch  of  the  Codorus,  on  the  steep  side  of  a 
bill 

The  rock  is  a  soft  chloritic  hydro-mica  schist.  Two  dips,  taken 
at  different  parts  of  the  quarry,  gave — 

S.  30°  E.— 76° 

S.  30°  E.— 82° 

The  average  dip  might  be  best  stated  at  S.  30°  to  40°  E. — 76° 
to  82°. 

At  the  time  of  the  examination  (July  8,  1875,)  ten  men  were 
employed  in  the  quarry  and  three  men  in  the  dressing  works. 
Slates  were  cut  from  6"X7"XJ"  to  14"X24"XJ". 

The  average  thickness  was  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch.  The 
prices  paid  for  them  were  from  $5  00  to  $7  00  per  hundred 
square  feet.  There  were  then  stored  from  35  to  40  “squares” 
(i.  e.,  100  square  feet,)  and  the  quarry  was  then  paying  ex¬ 
penses.  j 

One  of  the  station  houses  on  the  newly  constructed  Short 
Line  railroad,  between  York  and  Hanover,  was  said  to  be  tiled 
with  this  slates  and  the  latter  to  be  satisfactory. 

Microscopic  Examination  of  Rocks . 

The  collection  of  rocks  during  the  season  of  1875  consider¬ 
ably  exceeded  1,000  specimens,  and  on  the  return  of  the  party 
from  the  field,  by  the  permission  of  the  Chief  Geologist,  I  en¬ 
gaged  a  large  and  well  lighted  room,  (615  Walnut  street,)  where 
after  unpacking  and  laying  out  the  collection,  suitable  apparatus 
was  provided  for  making  thin  sections  of  as  many  of  the  speci¬ 
mens  as  permitted  this  kind  of  study.  Where  it  was  possible  to 
do  it,  duplicates  of  the  sections  were  made,  both  in  order  to  en¬ 
able  a  better  study  to  be  made  of  them,  and  also  to  put  it  in  the 
power  of  the  Board  to  exchange  specimens  for  similar  sections 
from  other  localities. 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  that  most  of  the  rocks  which 
were  prepared  for  study  under  the  microscope  were  traps  or  basic 
igneous  rocks. 

Dr.  Genth  has  commenced  the  analyses  of  some  of  them,  and 
it  is  hoped  to  carry  on  the  microscopic  examination  systemati- 


310  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

cally  until  the  greater  number  of  the  traps  of  Pennsylvania 
have  been  reviewed. 

An  important  addition  to  our  knowledge,  by  Dr.  Genth,  may, 
however,  with  propriety,  be  mentioned  here. 

In  discussing  the  constitution  of  the  traps  in  my  report  for  last 
year  I  compared  the  “  Bausch”  analysis  of  the  dolerite  obtained 
near  Beeler’s,  York  county,  with  an  hypothetical  mixture,  contain¬ 
ing  two  molecules  of  labradorite  and  one  of  pyroxene.  The  con¬ 
stitution  of  the  latter  of  these  minerals  was  assumed  to  be  that  de¬ 
termined  as  the  constitution  of  a  pyroxene  occurring  in  a  dolerite 
of  Connecticut ;  while  a  mean  of  forty  analyses  of  labradorite,  as 
given  in  Dana’s  Hand-Book  of  Mineralogy  was  calculated  to  rep¬ 
resent  the  other  constituent.  Since  then  enough  material  has  been 
extracted  from  specimens  of  traps  sent  by  me  to  Dr.  Genth 
to  enable  him  to  determine  the  constitution  of  the  labradorite 
and  pyroxene  as  they  occur  in  our  own  traps. 

The  following  parallel  tables  exhibit  the  differences  in  per- 
centage  between  these  and  the  data  made  use  of  in  the  last 
report : 

Average  of  forty  an- 
Feldspar  selected  from  alyses  ot  labradorite 

dolerite  near  Oettys-  from  all  localities.— 

burg.— (Dr  Genth.)  Dana’s  Mineralogy. 


a.  b.  Percent. 

Silicic  oxide .  54.05  53.85  53.00 

Alumina .  28.81  28.91  27.96 

Ferrous  oxide .  1.36  1.16  (Ferric)  1.33 

Magnesia .  0.26  0.22  0.93 

Lime .  11.05  11.79  10.88 

Soda .  3.36  3.23  4.09 

Potash .  0.59  0.77  1.08 

Ignition .  0.45  0.76  (Water)  0.84 

Total .  99.93  100.69  99.39 


Specimen  (a)  was  taken  from  the  north  side  of  a  Devil’s  Den.” 

Specimen  ( b )  from  the  west  side  of  “  Round  Top.” 

The  agreement  of  the  results  of  these  evidently  careful  and  val¬ 
uable  analyses  of  Dr.  Genth  with  those  of  the  calculated  mean 
is  very  close  and  confirms  the  opinion  heretofore  expressed  with 
regard  to  the  relation  of  labradorite  to  the  traps  of  this  region. 

The  brown  amphoterolite  heretofore  considered  pyroxene  from 
its  behavior  under  the  microscope  in  this  section  has  also  been 
extracted  from  specimens  taken,  (like  specimen  (a)  of  the  labra¬ 
dorite  analysis,)  from  the  north  side  of  Devil’s  Den,  three  miles 


DESCRIPTION  OF  ROCKS. 


C.  311 


south  of  Gettysburg. 

The  comparison  of  this  with  the  Con- 

necticut  pyroxene  from  the  trap  analysed  by  Mr.  Hawes,  is  ren¬ 
dered  easy  by  the  following  tables : 

Devil’s  Den,  Connecticut  Trap, 

Dr.  Genth.  Mr.  Hawes. 

Silicic  oxide . 

.  51.64 

50.71 

Alumina . 

3.64 

Ferrous  oxide . 

15.30 

Magnesia . 

.  15.93 

13.63 

Lime . 

.  10.05 

13.35 

Manganous  oxide. . 
Soda . 

.  0.46 ’i 

•  .81 

Potash . 

Ignition . 

Loss . 

0.72  f 
.  0.77 j 

2.56 

Sum . 

.  100 .00 

100, 00 

The  traps  in  the  vicinity  of  Gettysburg, 

and  especially  in 

the  neighborhood  of  the  Devil’s  Den,  were  found  last  season  to 
exhibit  a  peculiar  kind  of  weathering  whereby  the  faces  of 
large  rocks  were  crossed  by  more  or  less  regular  furrows  from 
one-half  inch  to  an  inch  in  depth,  giving  the  boulders  and 
cliffs  thus  weathered  the  appearance  of  being  built  up  of  sepa¬ 
rate  blocks,  after  the  manner  of  a  Cyclopean  wall.  It  was  also 
noticed  that  between  these  furrows  the  rock  consisted  of  one 
or  more  superposed  shells  conchoidal  in  form,  and  ready  at  a 
blow  from  a  hammer  to  fall  off  from  the  nucleus.  It  was  na¬ 
turally  thought  that  this  peeling  off  of  the  outer  surface  of  the 
rocks  thus  affected  was  due  to  the  action  of  the  sun  on  that  side, 
in  expanding  the  surface  superficial  parts  more  than  the  inte¬ 
rior,  while  the  net- work  of  furrows,  it  was  thought,  could  be  ac¬ 
counted  for  by  the  unequal  resistance  of  different  lines  across  the 
face  of  the  rock  to  the  dissolving  and  abrading  action  of  the 
rains  with  their  suspended  sand.  An  examination  of  these  su¬ 
perficially  altered  rocks  showed  that  the  sides  thus  affected  were 
mainly  those  which  were  turned  to  the  south  and  east. 

It  is  not  clear  why  the  south-east  faces  should  be  more  sub¬ 
ject  to  this  action  than  those  of  the  south-west,  for  the  pre¬ 
vailing  thunder  showers  come  from  the  west.  However,  sta¬ 
tistics  of  the  mean  annual  direction  of  the  rain  storms  are  not 
at  hand  to  decide  the  question. 

An  interesting  specimen  of  dolerite  intersected  by  a  vein  of 
quartz  was  found. 


312  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

The  specimen  exhibits  a  central  band  of  quartz,  (part  ot 
which  appears  to  be  hyaline  and  part  anhydrous,)  enclosing 
within  it  small  fragments  of  dolerite  similar  to  that  in  which 
itself  is  enclosed.  Between  this  central  quartz  vein  and  the  dole- 
rite  on  either  side,  is  a  band  of  darker  color  also  containing  small 
fragments  of  the  trap.  Beyond  these  bands  are  broad  margins 
of  unaltered  dolerite  on  either  side,  in  which  minute  quartz 
veins  can  be  detected.  This  specimen  would  seem  to  show  that 
the  quartz  was  deposited  at  a  temperature  at  which  it  was  not 
capable  of  combining  with  the  basic  compounds  in  contact 
with  it  except  by  that  slow  process  which  is  well  known  to  pro¬ 
duce  silicate  of  lime  from  the  contact  of  quick  lime  and  sand 
in  the  slow  setting  of  mortar.  The  deposit  was  probably  from 
aqueous  solution,  and  the  darker  bands  separating  the  quartz  and 
rap  may  very  likely  be  the  product  of  this  slow  combination. 

Another  specimen  of  great  interest  is  a  block  of  sandstone 
from  the  Mesozoic  series,  in  which  an  irregular  portion  at  one 
end  appears  to  blend  into  and  gradually  become  a  coarsely  crys¬ 
tallized  syenite.  This  specimen  was  obtained  from  the  vicinity 
of  Harman’s  blacksmith  shop,  in  the  north-western  corner  of 
York  county.  There  is  some  considerable  obscurity  as  to  the 
distinctions  to  be  made  between  those  traps  which  have  been 
cooled  from  a  molten  mass  and  those  which  have  been  altered 
in  time  under  pressure  and  at  high  temperatures.  There  seems 
no  perfectly  satisfactory  manner  of  distinguishing  the  one  class 
from  the  other,  whether  by  chemical  analysis  or  otherwise. 

Chloritoid. 

A  chloritoid  has  been  analysed  by  Dr.  Genth  from  specimens 
obtained  by  me  from  near  Whitestown,  at  the  Centre  Mills  Ore 
Bank.  The  rock  in  which  these  scales  of  chloritoid  occur  are 
of  Mesozoic  age,  though  most  of  their  constituents  have  been 
obtained  by  re-making  the  older  crystalline  schists.  They  are 
sandstones  and  shales  stained  dark  brown,  green  or  black  on  the 
surfaces  or  clefts.  With  these  is  associated  a  hard,  brittle,  fine 
grained,  sandy  slate,  containing  lumps  of  feldspar,  mica,  chlo¬ 
rite  and  magnetite  (?).  The  specimen  from  which  the  chloritoid 
was  extracted,  was  one  of  a  large  number  strewn  over  the  sur¬ 
face  and  not  certainly  in  place. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  ROCKS. 


C.  313 


The  specific  gravity  of  the  mineral  was  found  by  Dr.  Genth 


to  be  3.197. 

Silicic  oxide .  28.19 

Alumina .  37.67 

Ferric  oxide .  3.12 

Ferrous  oxide .  22.21 

Manganous  oxide .  trace. 

Magnesia .  2.28 

Water .  6.53 


Total .  100.00 

Dr.  Genth  adds,  (see  his  report),  that  5.91  per  cent  of  silica, 
and  1.92  per  cent  of  titanic  oxide  were  deducted  from  the  re¬ 
sults  of  the  analysis.  The  former  being  supposed  to  be  present 
as  quartz,  and  the  latter  as  rutile. 

Mineral  Waters. 


A  number  of  spots  in  this  district  are  remarkable  as  the* 
sites  of  springs  supposed  to  possess  medicinal  virtues.  Of  these 
the  springs  near  Gettysburg  are  the  most  notorious.  The 
Katalysine  Spring  is  situated  about  half  a  mile  west  of  the 
Theological  Seminary.  It  is  generally  a  moderately  strong 
flowing  spring,  which  breaks  out  from  between  the  Triassic- 
Jurassic  shales  and  flows  into  Willoughby’s  Run  close  by.  Its 
curative  powers  were  not  discovered  until  after  the  celebrated! 
three  days’  battle  had  made  Gettysburg  famous. 

From  a  little  book  advertising  the  Spring,  and  issued  from 
Philadelphia  in  1872,  the  following  analysis  of  the  water,  by 
Trof.  A.  M.  Mayer,  is  given,  and  alongside  of  it  the  analysis 
made  subsequently  for  the  owners  by  Dr.  F.  A.  Genth. 

In  the  following  table  the  two  published  analyses  of  this  water 
are  compared.  One  imperial  gallon,  of  231  cubic  inches,  gave — 

Prof.  A.  M.  Mayer.  Dr.  F.  A.  Dentil. 

Drains.  Drains. 


Barium  sulphate . 

Strontium  sulphate . 

Calcium  sulphate . 

Magnesium  sulphate  . . . 

Potassium  sulphate . 

Sodium  sulphate . 

Sodium  chloride . 

Lithium  chloride . 

Sodium  bicarbonate 
Calcium  bicarbonate. . . . 
Magnesium  bicarbonate 
Iron  bicarbonate . 


- - 

trace. 

— 

0.00427 

53.20 

0.83145 

- - 

0.77940 

— — 

0.20836 

r  -  — 

2.46776 

0.65790 

trace . 

trace . 

- - 

0.70457 

81.00 

16.40815 

76.05 

0.54260 

trace . 

0.03585 

21—C. 


314  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 


Prof.  M.  A.  Mayer.  Dr.  F.  A.  Genth. 
Grains.  Grains. 


Manganese  bicarbonate .  0.00669 

Nickel  bicarbonate .  trace. 

Cobalt  bicarbonate .  trace. 

Copper  bicarbonate .  0.00050 

Magnesium  borate .  0.03492 

Calcium  phosphate  .  trace.  0.00679 

Calcium  fluoride .  0.00954 

Alumina .  0.00380 

Silicic  oxide .  10.00  2.03078 

Organic  matter,  with  traces  of  ni¬ 
tric  acid  .  0.70870 

Impurities  suspended  in  water 

like  clay,  etc .  1.10069 

Sodium  and  lithium  bicarbonate,  46.05  - - 

Potassium  bicarbonate .  trace.  - 


Total .  266.30  32.54272 


After  giving  these  results  (but  not  in  columns  for  compari¬ 
son)  the  advertisement  for  1873  adds:  “The  reports  of  these 
analytical  chemists  present  the  usual  diversity  of  results  of  chem¬ 
ical  analysis  conducted  by  different  persons.57* 

The  water  is  a  clear,  tasteless,  odorless  water,  of  which  the 
mean  temperature  is  57°  Fall. 

This  temperature  is  interesting  from  the  fact  that  it  is  some 
six  degrees  higher  than  the  average  temperature  of  those 
springs  which  were  examined  in  this  district.  But  the  others 
were  situated  on  or  near  the  mountains  and  close  to  or  beyond 
the  margin  of  the  New  Red  Sandstone. 

The  whole  question  of  springs  is  an  important  one  in  a  geo¬ 
logical,  as  well  as  an  economical,  point  of  view,  and  it  is  hoped 
that  new  data  on  this  subject  will  becollected  during  the  course 
of  the  next  year.  It  is  interesting  to  know  the  causes  which  com¬ 
bine  to  cool  the  rain  which  falls  and  from  which  these  springs 
are  derived.  It  is  quite  probable  that  under  otherwise  similar 
conditions,  such  as  length  of  course  under  ground,  equal  depth 
of  sources,  etc.,  two  springs  in  different  formations  will  have  dif¬ 
ferent  mean  temperatures.  But  whether,  as  has  been  asserted, 
this  temperature  will  be  the  mean  annual  temperature  of  the 
region  requires  additional  facts  to  determine. 

Gettysburg  Lithia  Spring. 

This  spring  is  situated  about  half  a  mile  north-west,  of  the 


*It  is  proper  to  add  that  in  tht  new  edition  of  the  little  pamphlet  now  cir¬ 
culated  only  Prof.  Genth’s  analysis  finds  a  place. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  ROCKS. 


C.  315 


Kata  lysine  spring,  and  a  short  distance  north  of  the  Gettysburg- 
Chambersburg  turnpike.  The  basin  has  been  excavated  for  the 
water  in  the  same  argillaceous  sandstones,  and  the  water  fills 
it  to  a  depth  of  about  three  feet.  The  property  is  owned  by 
Mr.  Stremmel. 


An  analysis  of  this  water  had  been  made  as  follows  by  Prof. 
Oscar  Oldsberg,  Prof,  of  Chemistry  in  Howard  Universit}', 


Washington,  D.  C. : 

One  litre  contained, 

Centigram  ans. 

Sodium  bicarbonate . 8.509 

Magnesium  bicarbonate.. .  12.512 

Calcium  bicarbonate .  13.697 

Iron  bicarbonate . 0.085 

Calcium  sulphate .  9.431 

Sodium  sulphate . 0.342 

Potassium  chloride .  0.183 

Lithia  .  trace. 

Silica .  0.287 


A  sample  of  this  water  was  procured  by  myself  in  a  five  gal¬ 
lon  demijohn,  which  had  been  half  a  dozen  times  well  rinsed 
out  with  the  water,  and  forwarded  to  Dr.  Genth  for  analysis, 
which  here  follows,  together  with  the  preceding  reduced  to 
grains  to  the  gallon  for  the  purpose  of  better  comparison. 

One  gallon  of  231  cubic  inches  contains, 


Calcium  sulphate 
Magnesium  sulphate 
Potassium  sulphate . . 
Sodium  chloride . 


GRAINS. 

Dr.  F.  A.  Genth.  Prof.  O.  Oldsberg. 

0.47998  0.25176 

3.30063  - 

0.14984  - 

0.28209  - 


Lithium  chloride ....... 

Sodi  um  bicarbonate .... 

Calcium  bicarbonate. . . . 

Magnesium  bicarbonate 

Iron  bicarbonate . 

Silicic  oxide . 

Sodium  sulphate . 

Potassium  chloride . 


trace.  Lithia,  trace. 
3.20308  4.97045 

10.71144  8.00097 

5.30595  7.30876 

0.03116  0.04965 

1.77606  0.16765 

-  0.19977 

-  0.10690 


Total  matter  dissolved  in  one  gallon,  25.24023  21.05591 

Dr.  Genth  adds:  u  The  water  was  only  examined  for  the 
principal  constituents,  which  can  be  found  in  the  quantity  of 
water  sent,  not  for  the  minute  traces  of  boric  acid,  fluorine, 
&c.,  found  in  the  Gettysburg  Katalysine  by  evaporating  over 
twenty  gallons.  Lithia  can  be  shown  by  the  spectroscope  in 
the  residue  from  one  litre/’ 


816  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

In  the  Mineralogy  of  Pennsylvania,  1875,  Dr.  F.  A.  Genth  pub¬ 
lishes  a  new  analysis  of  this  same  spring,  confirming  his  first  re¬ 
sults. 

In  one  gallon  of  281  cubic  inches, 


Grains. 

Magnesium  sulphate .  3.29559 

Calcium  sulphate .  0.48243 

Potassium  sulphate .  0.15399 

Sodium  chloride . 0.31836 

Lithium  chloride .  trace. 

Iron  bicarbonate .  0.04203 

Manganese  bicarbonate .  0.00485 

Magnesium  bicarbonate .  5.82961 

Calcium  bicarbonate .  9.95838 

Sodium  bicarbonate .  3.37602 

Calcium  phosphate .  0.00963 

Alumina .  0.02425 

Silicic  oxide .  1.75473 


25.24987 

In  a  note  concerning  this  analysis,  Dr.  Genth  says  “  it  is  a 
new  analysis  which  I  made  with  the  balance  of  the  water  you 
sent  and  with  a  larger  quantity.  It  is  more  complete,  as  it*  has 
been  tested  for  rarer  substances. 

The  agreement  between  the  analyses  of  Dr.  Genth  and  of  Prof. 
Oldsberg  is  very  close,  especially  considering  the  difference  of 
time  and  perhaps  of  season  at  which  the  two  samples  were  taken. 

Medicinal  Water  of  Hanover. 

Hanover,  York  county,  in  order  not  to  be  behind -hand  with 
her  sister  town,  to  which  nature  seems  to  have  been  so  bountiful, 
recommends  the  excellent  water  which  is  brought  by  pipes  from 
the  Pigeon  Hills,  distant  about  four  miles,  and  furnishes  the 
following  analysis  printed  on  a  card  recommending  the  place 
as  a  good  abode  for  invalids. 

Unfortunately,  it  is  not  stated  how  large  a  quantity  of  the 
water  contains  the  following  constituents.  The  analyst  is  Prof. 
Ilollenbush,  of  Reading,  Pennsylvania. 

There  were  found  (probably  in  one  gallon) : 


Protoxide  of  iron .  184* 

Protoxide  of  magnesia . ].*...*!!!  21 

Calcium  carbonate . ’  # .  ’  29 

Sodium  carbonate . .  .  trace. 

Magnesium  sulphate . . .  .  . .  42 

*Albumena . .*.*.*.*!!  16 

Total . . *. .  292 


*  Possibly  meant  for  alumina. 


GENERAL  NOTES  ON  GEOLOGY  OF  REGION. 


C.  317 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

General  Notes  on  the  Geology  of  the  Region. 

The  magnetic  and  specular  ores  occurring  within  the  bounda¬ 
ries  of  the  Mesozoic  Sandstone,  and  of  which  this  little  group 
of  mines  around  Dillsburg  constitute  at  once  a  striking  exam¬ 
ple  and  an  important  fraction,  differ  from  the  exhibitions  of 
these  oxides  in  other  formations  in  several  particulars. 

That  they  in  their  present  state  belong  to  the  horizon  of  the 
Mesozoic  series  and  to  no  other,  seems  to  be  beyond  question  ; 
first,  because  the  same  variety  of  that  micaceous  ore  which  is 
so  eminently  characteristic  of  these  deposits  can  almost  always 
be  traced  in  any  iron-mining  locality  of  this  formation  from 
massive  plates  filling  more  or  less  regular  interstices  between 
sand  rocks,  altered  mudrocks,  traps  and  shales ;  to  scattered 
flakes  of  the  same  ore  spread  lightly  over  the  inner  surfaces  of 
joints  and  cracks  in  the  sedimentary  beds  of  the  above.  Sec¬ 
ond  ;  nowhere  else  is  an  exactly  similar  series  to  be  found. 

In  his  Final  Report,  Yol.  II,  Part  2d,  p.  763,  Prof.  Rogers 
sums  up  the  metalliferous  veins  of  the  Mesozoic  Sandstone  by 
remarking  that  they  are  not  associated  with  dykes  of  trap 
rock,  but  are  independent  metalliferous  injections.  But  in 
enumerating  the  different  kinds  of  ores,  singularly  enough  no 
mention  is  made  of  the  iron  ores,  which  are  now  under  consid¬ 
eration,  although  some  of  those  in  the  vicinity  of  Dillsburg 
have  been  wrought  for  a  very  long  period.  The  ores  of  Corn¬ 
wall  and  of  the  Jones  mine  are  referred  to  the  older  formations. 

The  Dillsburg  ores  are  all  more  or  less  soft  lumps  of  specular 
and  micaceous  ore  carried  in  clay.  Their  general  appearance 
is  dark  dirty  green,  with  streaks  of  black  and  glistening  pul¬ 
verulent  ore.  They  are  very  irregularly  deposited,  but  almost 


818  C.  r.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1870. 

or  quite  without  exception  are  found  between  the  plates  of  rock 
which  make  up  this  portion  of  the  Mesozoic  Sandstone. 

An  ideal  section  north  from  the  Grove  mine  will  reveal  this. 
The  region  is  very  much  covered  with  disintegrated  rocks  such 
as  clay  or  sand,  and  very  few  surface  exposures  are  to  be  found 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Dillsburo;. 

The  rocks  which  have  best  resisted  the  weather  have  been 
the  traps,  and  as  a  general  rule  in  this  region  their  dip  corres¬ 
ponds  to  that  of  the  beds  between  which  they  were  poured  out. 
.Next  to  the  trap  (and  sometimes  even  before  it)  in  capacity  to 
resist  the  disintegrating  action  of  the  water  and  atmosphere 
comes  the  altered  and  indurated  mud  rocks  and  argillaceous 
sandstones  which  frequently  form  the  foot  or  hanging  wall  (or 
both)  of  these  veins. 

Commencing  our  line  at  the  Grove  slope  and  gettingall  the 
dips  possible,  both  from  rock  in  place  and  also  from  the  angle 
of  the  slope  itself,  (an  almost  equally  good  plan,  since  the 
miner  is  sure  to  keep  in  the  bed)  the  dip  is  about  1ST.  10°  E. — 
24°. 

For  about  2,200  feet  north  no  mines  are  observable ;  but 
here  occurs  the  projection  of  the  Bell  slope,  in  which  the  hang¬ 
ing  and  foot  walls  dip  about  E".  10°  E. — 20°. 

Supposing  these  two  mines  to  be  in  two  different  veins  of  ore, 
and  to  be  continuous,  their  horizons  in  the  measures  would  be 
at  a  perpendicular  distance  of  750  feet  apart. 

Again  for  1,400  feet  northwards  no  ore  mine  is  projected, 
and  at  a  little  over  this  distance  occurs  the  old  excavation, 
(the  ffrst  in  this  vicinity  to  be  exploited,)  in  which  Mr.  Under¬ 
wood  has  recently  sunk  a  new  shaft.* 

The  pit  of  this  old  working  is  about  15  feet  deep,  and  the 
shaft  is  sunk  from  its  lowest  point  for  25  feet,  where  a  body  of 
ore  is  said  to  have  been  struck.  If  so,  and  the  dip  of  the  rocks 
is  here  similar  to  that  in  the  slope,  the  outcrops  in  the  vein 
ought  to  be  seen  crossing  the  neck  of  the  narrow  southern  pro¬ 
longation  of  the  pit  about  80  feet  south. 


vThere  is  an  excavation  between  this  and  Bell’s  slope,  but  no  accurate  in- 
tonnation  in  regard  to  it  was  obtained: 


GENERAL  NOTES  ON  GEOLOGY  OF  REGION. 


C.  319 


About  150  feet  further  north  on  this  line  occurs  the  projec¬ 
tion  of  the  ore  in  Underwood’s  slope,  which  is  probably  the 
same  bed  as  that  struck  in  Logan’s  shaft. 

The  enclosing  rocks  and  the  slope  dip  about  28°  due  north 
and  the  latter  extends  290°  feet  below  day,  and  proves  the  ore 
for  that  distance. 

Five  hundred  feet  a  little  E.  of  U.  of  the  mouth  of  Under¬ 
wood’s  slope,  on  ground  30  feet  below  it,  the  Logan  shaft  has 
been  sunk  which  reached  the  ore  at  50  feet,  from  which  point 
a  slope  was  begun  and  extended  downwards  80  feet  at  an  angle 
of  28°,  coforming  to  the  dip  of  the  measures. 

Projecting  this  vein  upwards  it  is  found  to  intersect  the  sur¬ 
face  on  the  same  horizontal  plane  with  the  mouth  of  Under¬ 
wood’s  slope,  at  a  point  170.4  feet  south  of  the  mouth  of  the 
shaft. 

Connecting  this  point  with  the  point  of  outcrop  of  the  Un¬ 
derwood  vein  by  a  supposititious  outcrop-line,  it  is  found  to  run 
E.  8°  S.,  and  the  direction  of  dip  of  the  vein  to  which  it  cor¬ 
responds,  is  U.  8°  E. 

The  coincidence  of  this  direction  with  that  of  the  Grove 
and  Bell  banks  (2L  10°  E.)  is  too  striking  to  be  overlooked, 
and  leads  to  the  conclusion  that  the  true  and  false  bedding  of 
the  rocks  between  these  points  are  comparatively  regular  and 
the  strata  for  over  half  a  mile  south  of  the  Underwood-Logan 
ore  are  undisturbed  by  faults. 

One  hundred  and  sixty  feet  north-east  of  the  Underwood 
slope  is  an  excavation  140  feet  in  length  north-east,  and  about 
35  feet  broad  in  its  broadest  part. 

The  Wrightsville  Co.  is  said  to  have  wrought  this  bank  to  a 

o  O 

very  considerable  depth,  and  to  have  had  18  feet  of  ore  in  the 
bottom  of  it.  It  was  not  satisfactorily  ascertained  at  what 
depth  this  ore  occurred,  and  the  settlement  of  this  doubt  has 
an  important  bearing  on  the  question  of  the  number  of  the 
ore  veins  here  represented. 

One  hundred  feet  north  of  this  latter  opening  (now  a  pond) 
is  the  southern  margin  of  a  very  large  excavation  100  feet  long 
and  125  feet  north  and  south. 

Hear  the  south  eastern  corner  of  this  pond,  and  high  upon 
the  bank,  is  the  site  of  the  former  mouth  of  a  slope.  A  little 


320  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

west  of  north  of  it,  and  in  the  north-western  angle,  is  the 
place  of  a  former  bore  hole,  (No.  5,)  the  record  of  which  has 
been  already  given*,  and  50  feet  north  of  this  bore  hole  is  a 
stake  said  to  have  been  vertically  over  the  slope.  This  stake 
bears  N.  3°  30'  west  of  the  mouth  of  the  slope,  and  if  these 
data  may  he  depended  upon,  indicates  an  alteration  in  the  di¬ 
rection  of  the  dip  from  that  observed  at  the  Grove  and  Bell 
slopes  or  11°  30'  to  the  westward. 

One  hundred  and  twenty-five  feet  north-west  of  bore  hole 
No.  5  are  two  openings  ;  the  first  an  open  cut  long  since  aban¬ 
doned,  and  and  a  little  south-west  of  it  the  mouth  of  a  slope 
which  was  said  to  have  been  formerly  driven  158  feet,  at  an  angle 
of  18°,  and  to  have  been  left  in  four  feet  of  ore  at  a  vertical 
depth  beneath  the  surface  of  60  feet. 

If  the  18°  slope  were  maintained  the  vertical  depth  to  the 
bottom  of  the  slope  would  be  48  feet. 

This  ore,  if  carried  down  at  the  same  angle  of  18°,  would 
coincide  closely  with  the  bed  of  ore  said  to  have  been  struck  in 
bore  hole  No.  4,  at  a  depth  of  74  feet  and  2  inches.  The 
thickness  of  the  bed  is  reported  to  be  7.25  feet,  which  (allow- 
ing  for  the  obliquity  of  its  plane  to  the  direction  of  the  bore 
hole)  would  indicate  that  the  ore  has  widened  at  that  depth 
to  6.8  feet,  a  variation  by  no  means  uncommon.  It  may  bo 
assumed,  therefore,  that  this  ore  has  been  proved  for  a  distance 
of  260  feet  on  its  slope. 

One  hundred  and  fifty  feet  from  bore  hole  ISTo.  4  occurs  the 
long  cut  of  M’Cormick  &  Co. 

This  cut  has  been  opened  400  feet  W.  20°  N.  along  an  out¬ 
crop  of  rock  ore  and  two  slopes  have  been  driven  downwards. 

Both  the  direction  and  the  strength  of  dip  of  this  deposit  are 
suddenly  altered ;  the  former  being  N.  20°  W.  and  the  latter 
45°. 

A  slope  of  18°  was  started  from  the  cut  and  carried  30  feet, 
when  a  wall  of  hard  trap  (dolerite)  was  encountered,  ap¬ 
parently  cutting  off  the  ore.  Another  slope  was  begun  at  an 
angle  of  45°,  and  after  proceeding  a  short  distance  the  trap 
was  again  encountered  and  penetrated,  and  the  vein  beneath  it 


*See  page  21G. 


■ 


SUPPOSED  OUTCROP  LINE  OR  TRAP 


V' 


Plate  2. 


Cvj 

CO 

i 

£ 

*1 

S  C  ALE  OF  FEET 


GENERAL  NOTES  ON  GEOLOGY  OF  REGION. 


C.  321 


observed  to  be  continuous,  with  the  normal  dip  of  the  country 
rock,  or  about  18°. 

From  the  records  of  bore  holes  1,  3  and  4,  (see  pp.  215,  216)  and 
the  light  thrown  upon  the  structure  by  the  slope  from  this  cut, 
this  plate  of  trap  seems  to  strike  north-eastwardly  and  to  dip 
gently  south-east,  conforming,  no  doubt,  to  some  plane  or 
planes  of  cleavage,  which  are  frequently  met  with  throughout 
the  entire  area  of  the  Few  Eed.  This  dyke  would  cross  the 
axis  of  the  open  cut  at  or  near  its  south-western  extremity  ; 
and  this  is  possibly  the  reason  that  an  exploitation  pit  sunk 
some  50  feet  from  the  latter  point  discovers  the  ore  “pinched 
out.” 

From  the  records  of  bore  holes  Fos.  1,  3  and  4,  a  trap  dyke 
is  recorded  at  a  depth  of  33  feet,  17  feet  and  51  feet  from  the 
surface,  respectively.  This  dyke  is  represented  as  at  least  9 
feet  thick  in  Fo.  1,  (with  a  possible  extension  downwards  of 
42  feet,  marked  “unknown,”)  17 J  feet  in  Fo.  3  and  16  feet  in 
Fo.  4. 

The  positions  of  bore  holes  Fos.  1,  3,  4  and  5  can  be  ob¬ 
served  upon  the  special  map  of  this  property.  It  appears  that 
in  Fo.  1  a  mass  of  trap  was  struck  at  33  feet  from  the  surface 
and  entered  for  9  feet.  For  the  next  20  feet  no  record  of  the 
boring  was  kept. 

In  Fo.  3  the  trap  was  struck  at  17  feet  below  the  surface, 
and  entirely  penetrated  the  thickness,  proving  to  be  17J  feet. 

In  Fo.  4  trap  was  encountered  at  51  feet  below  the  surface, 
and  proved  to  be  16  feet  1  inch  thick. 

In  Fo.  5  a  trap  was  met  with  23  feet  below  the  point  of 
starting,  at  the  bottom  of  the  bank,  (or  78  feet  below  the  sur¬ 
face,)  and  is  said  to  be  23  feet  1  inch  thick. 

There  is  nothing  inconsistent  with  the  idea  that  these  oc¬ 
currences  of  trap  represent  the  upper  surface  of  a  large  dyke 
from  these  records  of  varying  thickness.  These  differences 
will  frequently  arise  from  inaccurate  observation,  owing  to  the 
close  resemblance  which  the  altered  rock  in  contact  with  the 
dyke  bears  to  the  latter,  while  the  exhibition  of  plates  of  trap 
between  the  regular  beds  and  in  the  planes  of  cleavage,  and 
jointing  is  not  rare  in  the  Few  Eed  Sandstone.  The  ascer- 


322  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

tained  thickness  of  the  plate  in  bore  hole  No.  3  agrees  very  well 
with  that  in  No.  4. 

The  thickness  in  No.  1  is  not  given.  Independently  of  the 
fact  just  alluded  to  that  much  is  called  “  trap,”  which  is  noth¬ 
ing  but  indura-ted  sediment,  the  expansion  of  the  bed,  (if  it 
be  the  same,)  to  23  feet  in  bore  hole  No.  5,  is  not  altogether 
anomalous. 

By  assuming,  then,  that  the  upper  surface  of  this  same  bed 
of  trap  was  met  with  in  bore  holes  Nos.  1,  3  and  4,  at  33  feet, 
17  feet  and  61  feet*  below  a  common  plane,  (the  650  feet  con¬ 
tour,)  we  have  the  data  for  calculating  the  inclination  and  di¬ 
rection  of  dip  of  the  bed,  and  the  line  of  strike  on  this  plane. 
The  latter  proves  to  be  N.  33°  30'  W.  It  was  obtained  by  cal¬ 
culating  the  point  at  which  a  straight  line  passing  33  feet  be¬ 
low  the  mouth  of  1,  and  17  feet  below  the  mouth  of  3,  would 
intersect  the  horizontal  plane  from  which  the  depths  of  Nos. 
1  and  3  were  both  reckoned.  2d.  Calculating  similarly  the  point 
on  this  plane  at  which  the  straight  line  51  feet  below  the  surface 
at  4,  and  17  feet  below  the  surface  at  3  would  emerge.  3d. 
Establishing  similarly  the  intersection  of  the  datum  plane  by 
a  straight  line  passing  51  feet  below  4,  and  33  feet  below  1.  It 
is  evident  that  if  these  three  points  thus  projected  fall  into 
the  same  straight  line,  the  inference  is  very  strong  that  the 
three  occurrences  of  trap  from  which  these  were  independently 
calculated,  are  parts  of  one  large  surface  or  approximate  plane. 

This  they  very  nearly  do.  The  deviation  of  the  last  named 
point  being  hardly  to  be  avoided  owing  to  the  acuteness  of  the 
angles  made  by  the  lines  joining  the  bore  holes  and  the  conse¬ 
quent  enormous  alteration  in  the  distance  which  a  slight  error 
in  the  observed  angle  would  cause. 

In  Plate  I,  the  letters  I,  N,  M  and  V  are  chosen  to  represent 
the  bore  holes,  I,  III,  I Y  and  V,  respectively,  the  number  of 
downward  strokes  in  the  first  three  letters  corresponding  to  the 
number  of  the  bore  hole  in  each  case. 

(Plate  II,  Fig.  1).  Selecting  bore  holes,  Nos.  1  and  3,  (I  and 
N,)  we  have  the  distance  between  them  I  N=116  feet. 

*Ten  feet  must  be  added  to  the  recorded  51  feet  below  the  surface,  because 
the  datum  plane  of  No  4,  (the  surface  at  that  point,)  is  ten  feet  lower  than 
the  the  surface  at  Nos.  land  3. 


GENERAL  NOTES  ON  GEOLOG  5T  OF  REGION. 


C.  323 


I  I'=depth  from  the  surface  to  trap,  at  No.  1=33  feet, 

N  J  =depth  from  the  surface  to  trap,  at  No.  3=17  feet: 
to  find  the  length  of  the  line  A  I,  or  the  distance  from  the 
mouth  of  the  bore  hole  No.  1,  at  which  a  line  passing  through 
it  and  3,  would  intersect  the  outcrop  line. 

Through  I'  draw  a  line  parallel  to  A  I.  (PI.  2,  fig.  1.) 
Produce  the  vertical  N  J  till  it  intersect  this  line  A'  Pat  J'. 
Let  the  angle  A  P  A'=a. 

Let  the  line  A  I=£. 


J  Jr  l  I'— N  J 
Then  pj,—  IN 


16 


116 

«  =7°  51' 

2=61  cot. a  =239.35  feet. 


-,=0.13791=tan.« 


In  the  triangle  M  B  M.'  (Plate  2,  Fig.  2.) 

Let  x=M  B  M  N  =412  feet. 

Let  P=M  B  M'  M  M'=  61  feet. 

N  J=  17  feet. 

tan.  /3  =^t=0.10679=tan.6°6' 

£=61  cot.  [1  =570.791  feet. 

In  the  triangle  Y  C  V'.  (Plate  2,  Fig  3.) 

Let  £=V  C  Y  N  =602  feet. 

Let  y—Y  C  V'  Y  Y'=  58  feet. 

N  J  =  17  feet. 

Then  tan.?'  =^|9=0.068106=tan.  3°  54' 

£=58  cot.?'  =850.77  feet. 

In  the  triangle  M  D  M'.  (Plate  2,  Fig  4.) 

Let  £=M  D  MI  =390.5 

Let  =M  I)  M'  M  M'=  61 

.11'=  33 

28 

Then  tan.  '  =2^=0.071702=tan.  4°6' 

£=61  cot.£  =850,99  feet. 

If  we  plot  these  points  accurately  on  the  map,  and  lay  off 
distances  corresponding  to  the  calculated  lengths  of  the  several 
perpendiculars  of  the  three  triangles,  viz :  I  A  I',  M  B  M', 
Y  C  Y',  and  M  1)  M'  it  will  he  found  that  the  three  points  A, 


324  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875 

B  and  D  fall  very  nearly  in  a  straight  line.  But  owing  to  the 
greater  angle  which  I  A  and  M  B  make  with  the  outcrop  line 
the  points  calculated  from  them  are  more  reliable  than  the  points 
as  calculated  from  M  D  M',  in  which  the  angles  M  1)  M'  and 
M  M'  D  are  so  small  that  a  very  slight  error  in  the  experi¬ 
mental  data  would  change  the  resulting  side  M  D  very  greatly. 
Neglecting  the  point  I)  for  the  moment,  and  drawing  the  line 
through  A  B,  it  is  observed  that  it  passes  within  five  feet  of  the 
point  as  determined  by  M  1)  M'.  In  view  of  the  fact  that  na¬ 
ture  neither  pours  out  trap  nor  arranges  the  layers  of  rock  in  ab¬ 
solutely  geometrical  planes,  this  deviation  of  5  feet  from  the 
line,  due  to  an  excess  of  15  feet  in  a  length  of  841  feet  (or  1.7 
per  cent)  is  inconsiderable. 

In  the  triangle  V  C  V'  the  conditions  are  yet  more  unfavora¬ 
ble  for  accurately  determining  the  position  C.  The  angle  be¬ 
tween  A  B  and  Y  C  is  but  13°  25'  and  the  angle  VV'  C  is  86° 
6',  while  the  rough  statements  in  regard  to  the  bore  hole  No. 
5  render  it  very  difficult  to  locate  the  point  V'  with  exactitude. 
Of  course,  in  a  triangle  whose  hypotheneuse  and  perpendicular 
make  so  small  an  angle,  a  very  slight  error  in  angle  will  pro¬ 
duce  a  very  considerable  one  in  length  of  side.  Owing 
to  these  facts  (and  very  probably  also  to  local  irregularities 
in  the  bed)  the  point  0  falls  50  feet  short  of  the  outcrop- line, 
and  212  feet  short  in  a  line  of  841  feet,  showing  an  error  of  25 
per  cent. 

On  the  other  hand  the  close  agreement  of  the  other  more  fa¬ 
vorably  constructed  triangles  lends  a  strongsupport  to  the  above 
supposition  as  to  the  location  of  this  bed  of  trap. 

The  dip  ot  the  bed  of  trap  as  calculated  by  assuming  this 
line  of  N.  23°  30'  W.  as  the  correct  outcrop  on  a  plane  650  feet 
above  high  tide  in  Philadelphia  is  given  in  the  following  ta¬ 
ble  : 

Dip  calculated  from  No.  1 .  E.  23°  30'  N.— 9°  29' 

Dip  calculated  from  No.  3 .  E.  23°  30'  N. _ 9°  39' 

Dip  calculated  from  No.  4 .  E.  23°  30'  N. _ 8°  V 

Dip  calculated  from  No.  5 .  E.  23°  30'  N. _ 9°  39' 

Dip  calculated  assuming  the  trap  in  Logan's  shaft  to 
be  the  same  as  that  in  the  above  bore  holes .  2°  51 

It  is  evident  from  this  that  there  are  two  plates  of  trap  oc¬ 
curring  here  at  a  perpendicular  distance  from  each  other  of 


GENERAL  NOTES  ON  GEOLOGY  OF  REGION. 


C.  325 


about  15  to  20  feet.  The  analogies  which  this  structure  presents 
to  that  of  the  Cornwall  mines  will  be  reserved  for  a  future 
page.  Continuing  this  assumption  as  to  the  identity  of  these 
scattered  occurrences  of  trap  in  one  bed,  we  find  that  trap 
should  have  been  met  with  in  the  south  west  slope  of  M’Cor- 
mick  &  Co.’s  long  cut  at  30  feet  below  the  surface,  and  in  the 
north-east  slope  of  the  same  cut,  at  about  54  feet  below  the  sur¬ 
face. 

The  first  of  these  statements  accords  well  with  the  facts. 

These  slight  discrepancies  in  the  calculated  dip  of  the  trap 
are  of  no  importance,  and  are  far  within  the  limits  of  accuracy 
of  observation. 

The  outflow  of  trap  probably  followed  one  or  more  of  the 
planes  of  cleavage,  of  which  these  rocks  are  full.  If  this  in¬ 
terpretation  be  correct,  the  upper  surface  of  the  lower  dyke 
would  emerge  on  the  surface  midway  between  the  south-west 
end  of  the  long  cut  and  the  exploitation  pit,  still  further  to  the 
south-west,  where  the  ore  was  reported  to  have  “  pinched  out,” 
and  if  we  assume  17  feet  as  the  thickness  of  the  bed  and  9°  29' 
as  the  dip,  the  breadth  of  the  outcrop  would  be  about  69  feet. 
This  would  embrace  the  entire  area  of  the  pit. 

It  is  not  clear  how  far  this  outcrop  extended  S.  23°  30'  E., 
nor  whether  its  breadth  was  maintained.  If  persistent  it  would 
pass  between  Underwood’s  slope  and  the  old  abandoned  exca¬ 
vation  next  north-east  of  it,  and  would  thus  interpose  a  wall 
of  igneous  matter  between  the  Underwood,  Smyser,  Bell  and 
Grove  banks  on  the  one  side,  and  those  of  M’Cormick  &  Co., 
including  the  Logan  shafts  and  Price’s,  on  the  other. 

There  is  nothing  in  these  observations  of  the  thickness  in¬ 
consistent  with  the  view  that  they  are  made  on  the  same  dyke, 
and  the  probability  that  Hos.  3  and  4  are  so  is  very  strong. 
Assuming  this  to  be  the  case,  an  inspection  of  the  above  table 
will  show  the  average  dip  to  be  E.  23°  30'  N. — 9°  to  12°,  and  pro¬ 
jecting  its  outcrop  on  the  surface,  it  is  found  to  pass  through 
the  small  excavation,  where  no  ore  was  found  south-west  Df  the 
main  cut. 

It  is  perhaps  owing  to  this  circumstances  that  the  outcrop 
of  the  Logan  ore  is  not  seen  to  connect  the  Underwood  slope 
with  some  point  100  feet  or  more  south  of  the  Logan  shaft,  for 


326  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

if  this  dyke  be  continuous  in  a  cleavage  plane  or  other  joint 
in  a  direction  S.  23°  30'  E.  from  its  supposed  outcrop  at  the 
M’Cormick  cut,  it  would  cut  off  that  portion  of  the  vein  be¬ 
tween  the  shaft  mouth  and  the  natural  line  of  outcrops  of  the 
Logan  ore  by  cutting  the  vein  a  short  distance  west  of  the  for¬ 
mer.  It  follows  also  that  if  continuous  under  the  surface,  and 
with  the  observed  gentle  dip  of  9°  12',  it  will  intersect  the 
Logan  slope  at  a  point  far  below  where  the  trap  was  observed, 
viz:  at  12  feet  below  the  340  foot  contour  line.  The  record 
of  this  Logan  shaft  is  not  at  hand,  but  specimens  of  dolerite  were 
obtained  from  there,  which  in  mineral  constitution  (i.  e.,  num¬ 
ber  and  distribution  of  apatite  crystals,  etc.,  etc.,)  agreed  very 
closely  with  similar  specimens  from  the  Mumper  or  M’Cor¬ 
mick  &  Co.’s  cut. 

This  renders  it  likely  that  this  outflow  of  trap  along  the 
two  planes  just  mentioned,  viz:  in  the  Logan  shaft  and  in  the 
Underwood  and  M’Cormick  mines,  was  contemporaneous,  or 
at  least  had  the  same  origin. 

The  whole  ore-deposit,  of  this  part  of  the  Dillsburg  region 
seems  to  be  reducible  to  ;  1st.  Deposit  of  ferruginous  matter 
along  the  planes  of  the  rocks  of  the  New  Led  Sandstone,  in 
an  irregular  manner.  2d.  The  presence  of  one  large  dyke  (and 
probably  more)  following  a  plane  of  cleavage  or  joint,  which  had 
a  north-west  and  south-east  strike  and  a  gentle  dip.  3d. 
The  alteration  of  mud-rocks  and  slates  to  “traps’'  (?)  of  indu¬ 
ration  and  of  the  more  ore  less  hydrated  iron  oxides  to  mag¬ 
netic  and  specular  ores. 

The  greenish  color  of  these  soft  ores  when  not  derived  from 
the  oxidation  of  copper,  is  due  to  the  commingling  of  the 
lower  chlorite  and  hydro-mica  slates  with  the  iron  ore,  and  in¬ 
dicates  possibly  that  at  least  some  of  this  ore  was  obtained 
from  its  depositories  in  the  older  slates.  But  that,  even  if  en¬ 
tirely  deiived  from  this  source,  they  have  been  re-made  up  in 
the  course  of  their  transfer  to  the  beds  of  the  New  Red  Sand¬ 
stone  appears  to  be  beyond  question. 

The  observations  of  Prof.  Lesley,  Dr.  Hunt  and  others  on 
the  great  Cornwall  iron  ore  deposit  agree  in  ascribing  its  ex¬ 
istence  to  several  protecting  plates  of  hard  trap  which  have 
resisted  the  erosion  by  which  the  soft  ore,  if  not  thus  protected, 


GENERAL  NOTES  ON  GEOLOGY  OF  REGION. 


C.  327 


would  probably  have  been  entirely  destroyed.  It  is  not  quite 
clear  how  much  of  the  magnetic  particles  with  which  these 
ores  are  mixed  may  have  come  from  the  trap  itself.  It  is 
likely  that  much  is  to  be  ascribed  to  this  source ;  but  how¬ 
ever  that  may  be  it  cannot  but  be  of  the  greatest  signifi¬ 
cance  that  the  two  plates  of  trap  which  occur  near  these 
mines  enclose  or  cover  the  greater  number  of  the  producing 
deposits. 

From  the  description  elsewhere  given,  it  will  be  seen  that 
the  King  bank,  which  seems  to  lie  outside  of  this  protecting 
influence,  has  a  d}7ke  of  its  own  on  the  eastern  (upper)  side. 

The  points  in  favor  of  the  above  structure  are  as  follows  : 

1.  The  existence  of  trap  in  bore  holes  Kos.  1,  3,4  and  5,  and 
in  M’Cormick’s  cut,  Underwood’s  slope  and  Smysers  bank,  at 
points  which  are  very  approximately  in  one  plane 

2.  The  non-occurrence  of  trap  in  bore  hole  No.  2  (though  so 
near  to  Nos.  1  and  3)  because  No.  2  is  located  below  the  edge 
of  the  lowermost  of  these  plates  of  trap. 

3.  The  corroboration  of  the  supposed  position  of  trap  in  Lo¬ 
gan’s  shaft  by  the  appearance  of  the  topography  as  seen  in  the 
contours*.  Its  supposititious  outcrop  clearly  coincides  with  the 
nose  of  a  small  hill  as  it  necessarily  would  do,  owing  to  its  su¬ 
perior  resistance  to  erosion. 

4.  The  practically  similar  thickness  of  the  trap  as  measured 
in  bore  holes  3  and  4. 

5.  The  cutting  out  of  the  ore  in  the  pit  at  the  south-west  end 
of  M’Cormick  &  Co.’s  long  cut. 

6.  The  similarity  in  the  mineralogical  constitution  and  me¬ 
chanical  arrangement  of  the  traps  of  Logan’s  shaft,  and  of  the 
long  cut  when  viewed  under  the  microscope. 


The  supposed  outcrops  of  the  trap  have  been  drawn  in  with 
reference  to  the  5  feet  contours,  on  the  assumption  that  the 
tangent  of  9°  12',  (the  assumed  average  dip  of  the  trap,)  or 
0.1620  is  one-sixth,  or  in  other  words,  that  the  ratio  of  the  per¬ 
pendicular  distance  apart  of  the  contour  lines  is  to  horizontal 
distance  apart  of  the  projections  of  the  trap  at  those  contours  :: 
1 :  6.  More  accurately  it  is,  1 :  6.1. 


328  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

If  these  facts  be  accepted  as  conclusive  as  to  the  structure, 
the  idea  of  faults  bringing  up  the  same  bed  of  ore  successively 
to  the  surface  must  be  abandoned,  unless  it  be  supposed  that 
the  dislocations  took  place  before  the  injection  of  the  molten 
rock,  in  which  case  it  must  be  supposed  as  a  result  of  the  dis¬ 
location,  that  two  independent  cleavage  planes  of  exactly  the 
same  inclination  and  direction  were  brought  together,  so  that 
their  two  lines  of  intersection  with  the  opposite  walls  of  the 

fault  agreed  exactlv. 

©  •/ 

If,  for  example,  the  ore  of  the  Underwood  slope  be  supposed 
to  be  brought  up  to  the  surface  by  a  fault  of  which  the  direc¬ 
tion  was  approximately  east  and  west  and  the  position  some¬ 
where  between  the  Underwood  slope  and  M’Cormick  &  Co.’s 
cut ;  the  agreement  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  trap  in  the 
former  with  the  position  of  the  dyke  in  the  latter  must  be  con¬ 
sidered  either  entirely  fortuitous,  or  it  must  be  assumed  that  a 
cleavage  plane  south  of  this  fault  formed  a  geometrical  con¬ 
tinuation  to  that  one  north  of  the  fault  through  which  the  mol¬ 
ten  rock  was  poured  out,  a  supposition  which  is  in  the  highest 
degree  improbable. 

But  independently  of  the  difficulty  in  accounting  for  a  con¬ 
tinuous  bed  of  trap  dipping  at  an  uniform  angle  and  spreading 
over  an  extensive  area,  while  there  were  within  its  limits  nu¬ 
merous  faults  and  up-  or  down-throws ;  the  number  of  places 
where  micaceous  ore  is  found  renders  this  fault  hypothesis  un¬ 
necessary.  The  coating  of  specular  oxide  of  iron  which  is 
sometimes  so  thick  as  to  be  a  most  valuable  ore,  is  also  some¬ 
times  so  thin  as  to  be  barely  visible ;  and  between  these  ex¬ 
tremes  it  occurs  in  all  quantities  and  over  every  amount  of 
space.  A  few  localities  where  this  ore  was  observed  may  be 
here  mentioned.  Half  amile  south  of  Dillsburg,  near  the  fork 
ot  the  new  York  and  Carlisle  road,  a  small  outcrop  of  ore 
was  observed  crossing  both  roads.  This  small  bed  can  scarcely 
be  related  to  the  Mumper-Underwood  deposits,  of  which  the 
strike  would  cut  the  road  much  further  to  the  north  :  nor  can 
it  be  identified  with  the  Grove  and  Price  ores,  because  there 
the  general  dip  is  N.  10°  E.,  which  would,  if  maintained,  again 
swing  their  outcrops  too  far  to  the  north. 


GENERAL  NOTES  ON  GEOLOGY  OF  REGION. 


C.  329 


One  and  one-half  miles  south-east  of  the  fork  of  the  new 
York  and  Rossville  roads,  Mr.  Deardorf  has  sunk  a  shaft  about 

57  feet,  (according  to  Mr.  Altland,)  in  the  course  of  which  he 
passed  through  several  seams  of  micaceous  ore. 

One  and  one-half  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Rossville,  Mr.  D.  Alt- 
land  sank  a  shaft  and  passed  through  6  inches  of  micaceous  ore 
ten  feet  below  the  surface  and  close  to  the  trap. 

Mr.  Altland  reports  having  found  scattered  deposits  of  mica¬ 
ceous  oreune-half  mile  north-west  of  Wellsville  post  office,  and 
also  one  and  one-half  miles  west  by  south  of  Wellsville  post 
office,  at  the  intersection  of  two  roads. 

Mr.  Altland  reports  having  found  the  strike  of  the  Mine 
Bank  ore,  and  proved  it  for  a  considerable  distance  N.  E.  and 
S.  W 

A  ridge  running  N.  E.  and  S.  W.  nearly  parallel  to  a  line 
joining  Wellsville  and  Rossville,  and  distant  from  such  a  line 
about  one-half  mile  S.  E.,  rocks  have  been  found  by  Mr.  Alt¬ 
land  coated  with  micaceous  ore.  In  Monaghan  township,  Mr. 
Altland  reports  having  found  micaceous  ore  on  the  farms  of 
D.  Cannon  and  E.  Ellicker,  but  my  party  was  not  able  to  ve¬ 
rify  this  observation. 

The  same  authority  may  be  given  for  the  localities  1 J  miles 
south-west  of  Franklintown,  on  S.  Filler’s  farm,  and  at  B. 
Meyers’,  all  in  Franklin  township.  (The  latter  observation  was 
verified). 

Another  locality  referred  to  by  Mr.  Altland  is  two  miles 
south-east  of  Dillsburg,  on  the  property  of  Mr.  J.  Cook,  where 
a  shaft  is  said  to  have  been  opened  in  1874  for  seven  feet,  out 
of  which  was  taken  some  micaceous  ore  in  a  very  much  weath¬ 
ered  rock. 

On  Mr.  M’llwee’s  farm  Mr.  Altland  sank  a  shaft  46  feet  deep, 
and  reports  passing  through  sandstone  coated  with  quartz,  and  1 
inch  of  micaceous  ore.  This  locality  which  lies  about  1}  miles 
north-east  of  Mount  Top  P.  0.,  was  visited  and  was  found  to 
be  sunk  in  sandstone  dipping  about  north-west.  The  shaft  is 
at  present  about  30  feet  deep.  A  similar  exposure  is  found  on 
the  property  of  Michael  Bentz  about  one -half  mile  from  here. 

Adhesive  clay  is  reported  46  feet  down  above  the  trap  and  3 
feet  thick. 

22—0. 


330  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 

On  David  Bentz’s  farm,  two  miles  east  of  Dillsburg,  trial 
shafts  were  sunk  and  some  micaceous  ore  was  found. 

On  the  Lewisberry  road,  north  of  its  junction  with  the  York 
road,  Mr.  Altland  found  numerous  specimens  in  place  coated 
with  micaceous  ore. 

About  one-half  mile  east  of  Cannon’s  is  a  shaft  of  Peter  A. 
Meyer’s  about  12  feet  deep.  The  rock  thrown  out  is  a  stained 
sandstone,  with  some  little  micaceous  ore.  Some  small  speci¬ 
mens  found  one-half  inch  thick. 

Instances  of  the  occurrence  of  micaceous  ore  in  these  and 
similar  rocks  of  the  Mesozoic  sandstones  might  he  multiplied 
almost  indefinitely. 

It  is  an  important  fact,  however,  that  almost  all,  if  not  all, 
these  localities  are  situated  on  the  western  side  of  the  “New  Red ” 
from  the  Susquehanna  to  the  Maryland  line. 

Yow  these  localities  where  more  or  less  micaceous  ore  has 
been  observed  are  selected  at  random,  from  notes,  on  an  area  of 
scores  of  square  miles  in  extent.  Some  of  the  surfaces  of  rock 
on  which  this  ore  was  observed  dipped  in  the  normal  direction 
ot  the  bed  plates  of  the  Mesozoic  sandstone  of  Middle  Penn¬ 
sylvania  ;  and  some  in  very  contrary  directions  and  with  very 
different  degrees  of  steepness.  That  is  to  say  that  some  of  this 
ore  was  deposited  along  the  planes  of  bedding,  and  much  of  it 
along  different  planes  of  cleavage. 

This  of  itself  shows  a  very  general  distribution  of  the  mate¬ 
rial,  (though  in  but  few  localities  has  it  as  yet  been  proved  to 
exist  in  paying  quantities,)  and  where  one  thick  deposit  is  found 
others  are  likely  to  be  found  near  it. 

It  seems,  then,  unnecessary  to  seek  to  account  for  the  presence 
of  two  beds  of  micaceous  ore  situated  near  each  other  by  as¬ 
suming  a  repetition  of  the  same  bed  by  an  upthrow,  even 
were  other  facts  such  as  have  been  mentioned  as  existing  in  the 
Dillsburg  region  not  opposed  to  such  an  hypothesis. 

The  quantity  of  micaceous  ore  massed  together  in  one  de¬ 
posit  depends  upon  causes  entirely  unknown.  All  degrees  of 
quantity  can  be  observed,  from  the  solid  mass  of  glistening 
black  ore,  three  or  four  teet  thick,  to  the  faint  glimmer  of  the 
crystalline  scales  only  observable  under  a  powerful  magnifying 
glass.  One  thing  deserves  to  be  mentioned  which  seems  to 


GENERAL  NOTES  ON  GEOLOGY  OF  REGION. 


O.  331 


show  that  in  whatsoever  way  the  micaceous  ore  first  appeared, 
it  was  an  incident  to  the  rock  making  of  the  geological  Middle- 
Age  or  subsequent  to  it.  A  large  number  of  specimens  of  sand¬ 
stone,  coated  more  or  less  completely  with  micaceous  ore,  were 
broken  and  examined,  and  in  no  case  was  ore  found  in  the  in¬ 
terior  of  a  solid  specimen.  In  some  cases,  indeed,  flakes  of  the 
ore  parallel  to  those  on  the  outside  were  discovered,  but  this 
was  invariably  when  the  manner  of  fracturing  of  the  rock  ren¬ 
dered  it  likely  that  this  deposit  was  in  an  obscure  bed  plane. 

From  this  fact,  then,  it  would  appear  that  whether  the  par¬ 
ticles  of  magnetite  from  the  adjoining  traps  were  oxidized *  or 
hy dr  oxidized  and  carried  over  between  planes  of  bedding  and 
cleavage,  or  whether  the  limonites  of  the  older  formations  were 
stirred  up  and  spread  over  these  planes,  to  be  afterwards  de¬ 
prived  of  their  water  by  heat ;  or  whether  chalybeate  waters 
left  such  a  deposit,  (there  must  have  been  an  enormous  quan- 
ti  y  of  iron  used  in  giving  this  formation  its  red  color,)  the  beds 
and  cleavage  planes  were  there  when  the  iron  came  to  them, 
and  as  this  must  have  been  an  action  extending  over  a  vast  ter¬ 
ritory,  it  is  as  much  to  the  purpose  to  seek  why  iron  ore  is  not 
in  any  given  locality  as  to  attempt  to  simplify  the  problem  by 
making  a  broken  bed  do  double  duty,  unless  there  appear  strong 
evidence  in  favor  of  the  existence  of  faults. 

*Many  chemists  doubt  the  wholesale  decomposition  of  magnetic  oxide  of 
iron  (its  most  stable  compound)  into  the  less  stable  forms  of  limonite  and 
hematite. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

Catalogue  of  specimens  collected  during  the  field  work  of  1875  in  York ,  Adams  and  Franklin  Counties. 


332  C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 


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*The  very  detailed  and  accurate  map  of  the  Gettysburg  battle  field  in  contour  lines  made  by  the  officers  of  the  TJ.  S.  army, 
was  used  for  the  purpose  of  locating  geological  features.  Tho  data  thus  obtained  will  be  transferred  to  maps  illustrating  my 
report. 


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CATALOGUE  OF  SPECIMENS— Continued. 


336  0, 


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473  .  Quartz  crystals  in  syenite .  Harman’s  farm,  1  mile  north-west  of 

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753  .  Cavernous  quartzite  with  quartz .  One  mile  east  of  Emigsville. 

754  .  Hydro-mica  slate  (?) .  One  mile  south  of  Wrightsville.  Resembling  limestone  in  parts. 


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1295 . |  Magnetic  sand .  Two  miles  east  of  north  of  Fairfield 


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CATALOGUE  OF  SPECIMENS-  Continukd. 


380 


C.  P.  FRAZER,  JR.,  REPORT  OF  PROGRESS,  1875. 


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LIST  OP  BOXES, 


C.  383 


List  of  the  boxes  in  which  are  stored  the  specimens  collected,  dur¬ 
ing  the  year  1875,  with  the  catalogue  numbers  of  the  specimens  in 
each  box. 

The  boxes  in  which  the  specimens  for  1875  were  packed  are  painted  brown 
on  the  ends  and  are  marked 


1875 

No.  — 

P.  F.,  Jr. 

Box  1—376, 377, - ,  383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 

- ,398,  - ,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,  - 


- , 392, 393, 394, - ,  396, 

-,  409,410,411,412,413,414, 


,  421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429. 

•,  441, - 445, - ,  447, - ,  453, 454, 455, - ,  457, 458, 459, 


-,  474. 


415,416,417,418,- 
Box  2-431,432,433,- 

- 462, 463, - ,  465, 466, 467, 468, 469, 

Box  3—481, 482, - ,  484,  — ,  486, 487, 488, 489, 490, - ,  493, - ,  496, 498, 499, 500, 

501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517,518,519, 
520, 521. 

Box  4—525,526,527,528,  - ,530,531,532,533,534,535,  - ,538,539,540,541,542, 

543, 544, - ,  546,  547, - ,  549, - ,  551, 552, 553, - 557, 558, 559, 560, 561, 562, 

564,565,  566,  - ,568,569,570,571,^ - ,573,574,  - ,576,  - ,578,  579,580, 


-,  582, 583, 584. 


Box  5—585, 586, 587, 588, 589,  - 
605, 606, - ,  609, 610, 611, 612, 


,  591 , - ,  596, - ,  598, 599, 


627, 628, 629, 630, 631,  632, 633, - ,  63 6, 637, 638, 


-,  601, 602,603,604, 

-,  616, 617, 618, 619, 620, 621, 622, 623, - ,  626, 

-,  646, 647, 


-,  641,642,643,- 
- ,  651, 652, 653, 654, 655, 656, 657, 658, 659, 660, - ,  665. 

Box  6—666, 667, 668, 639, 670, - ,  672, 673, - ,  675, 676, 677,678, - ,  680, 681, 682, 

683,  - ,  685, 686, 687, 688, 689, 690, 691, 692, 693, 694,  - ,  696, 697, 698, 699, 700, 

701, 702, 703, 704, 795, 706, - ,  708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 713, 714, 715, 716, 717,  - ; 

720, 721, 722, 723, 724, 725, 726, - ,  728, 729. 

Box  7—730, 731, - ,  733, 734, - ,  736, 737, 738, - 740, 741, 742, 743, 744, 745, - , 

747, 748, 749, 750, 751, 752, 753, 754, 755, 756, 757, 758, 759,  - ,  761, 762,  - ,  765, 

766, 767, - ,  769, 770, - ,  772, 773, 774, 775, 776, 777, 778, 779, - ,  781, - 783 

784, - ,  786, 787, - ,  789, - ,  791, 792, 793, - ,  795. 


Box  8—798, - ,  800, 801, - ,  803, 804, 805, - ,  807, 808, 809, 

—,830,831,832,833,834,  - 


-,811,812,813,814, 

815, 816, 817, 818, 819, 820, 821,  - ,  830, 831, 832, 833, 834,  - ,  836, 837, 838, 839, 

840,841,842,843,844, - ,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,  854,  855,  856,  857, 

858, 859, 860, 861, 862, 863, 864, 865,  - ,  867, 868, 869, 870, 871, 872,  - ,  874, 875, 

876, 877, 878, 879, 880, 881, 882, 883, 884, 885, 886, 887, 888, 889,  - ,  892,  - ,  894, 

895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 900, 901, 902 . 

Box  9— 903, 904, 905, 906, - ,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,  915,  916,  917,  918,  919, 

- ,  921, 922, 923, - ,  925, 926, 927, 928,  929, 930, 931, 932, 934, - ,  936, 937, 938, 

939, 940, 941, 942, 943, - ,  945, 946,  948, 949, 950, - ,  952,  953, 954,  955, 956, 957, 

956, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 965, 966, 967, 968,969,970,971, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976. 


384  c. 


LIST  OF  BOXES, 


Box  10— 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 982, 983, 984, 985, 9S6, 987, 938, 989,  990,  991,  902,  993, 
994, 995, 996,  997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001,  1002, 1003, 1004, 1005,  1006,  1007,  1008,  1009, 
1010,  1011, 1012,  1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023,  1024, 
1025, 1026, 1027,  1028, 1029,  1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1037,  1033,  1039, 

1040, 1041,  1042,  1043, 1044,  1045, 1046, 1047, - ,  1049,  1050, 1051,  1052, 1053, 1054. 

1055, 1056, 1057,  1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067,  1068, 1069. 
1070,  1071,  1072, 1073, 1074,  1075, 1076,  1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 
1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089,  1090, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094,  1095, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1099, 

- ,1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106,  1107, - , 1109, 1110, 1111, - , 1113, 1114, 

111c, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120,  1121, 1122,  ;123, 1124, 1125, 1126, - ,  1128, 1 129, 

1130, - ,  1133, - ,  1136, - ,  1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149,  1150 

Box  11—1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164. 

1165,  1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, - ,  1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1179, 

1180,  1181,  1182,  1183, 1184, 1185,  1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, - ,  1191,  1192, 1193, - , 

1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201,  1202, 1203, 1204, - ,  1206, 1207, 1208, - , 

1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 
1225, 1226,  1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236,  1237,  1238,  1239, 

- , 1241, 1242, - ,  1244, - ,  1246,  1247, - ,  1251,  1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 

1257, 1258, 1259, - ,  1262, 1263, 1264, - ,  1266, - ,  1270, - ,  1272, 1273, 1274, 

1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, - ,  1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, - ,  1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 

1291, 1292, - , 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301. 

Box  12—1248,  1249, - ,  1256, - ,  1261, - ,  1303, 1304, 1305,  1306, 1307, 1308, - , 

1310, 1311, - ,  1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, - ,  1327, - ,  1329, 1330, 


1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, - 
- ,  1353, - ,  1355, 1356, 1357, - ,  1359, - ,  1361, 


,  1341,  1342, 1343, 
-1363,1364. 


-,  1346, 


The  blanks  in  the  above  list  are  mainly  filled  by  specimens  of  trap,  which 
have  been  left  out  for  further  study  and  comparison. 

The  boxes  above  named  have  been  sent  to  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 


ERRATA 


Page  213,  9th  line ;  for  “fault  rock”  read  “foot  rock.” 

Page  215,  foot  note;  for  “50°”  read  “5°.” 

Page  220,  8tli  line  ;  for  “near  hinf”  read  “near  here.” 

4th  line  from  bottom,  “p.  74  C”  should  follow  “1874”  in  foot  note. 
Page  230  ;  1st  line  of  page  should  be  “  Cannon's  ore  pita." 

Page  244,  last  line  ;  insert  “ascribed”  before  the  words  “to  the.” 

Page  265,  2d  line  ;  for  “Berler’s”  read  “Beeler’s.” 

Page  266,  3d  line  from  bottom  ;  for  “conglomerate”  read  “conglomerates.” 
Page  268,  lines  20  and  25;  for  “Corkson”  read  “Cookson.” 

Page  270,  13th  line;  for  “Heinrichs”  read  “Heinrich.” 

Page  284,  11th  and  12th  lines  from  bottom ;  for  “the  Auroral  limestone”  read 
“the  limestone.” 

Page  286,  insert  the  following;  “On  the  next  succeeding  pages  will  be  found 
a  tabular  statement  of  the  rocks  and  their  structure,  as  deter¬ 
mined  by  the  data  employed  in  the  drawing  of  this  section.” 
Page  289,  10th  line  from  bottom,  insert  a  period  after  “angle.” 

9th  line  from  bottom,  for  “falls”  read  “fall.” 

Page  294,  after  “S.  40°  E. — 35,”  for  “laminated  quartz”  read  “weathered  or- 
thofelsite.” 

Page  304,  after  last  line  insert  the  following :  “Note. — Section  13  was  also 
constructed  and  its  location  will  be  found  on  the  map,  but  its 
description  will  be  reserved  for  another  report.” 

Page  310;  after  2d  line  insert  sub-heading  “  Traps." 

Page  318,  3d  line  from  bottom  ;  for  “in  the  veixi”  read  “of  the  vein.” 

Page  319,  5th  line;  for  “below  day”  read  “on  the  slope.” 

Page  322,  5th  line;  for  “indura-ted”  read  “indurated” 

Page  325,  2d  line  ;  for  “mines”  read  “mine.” 

Page  341,  foot  of  left  hand  column,  transfer  567  and  568. 


[  C.  385  ] 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Africa,  (near  Greenwood,) .  289 

Alteration  in  place .  228 

Altland,  D.  G. — 

Statement  as  to  trap  in  M’Cormick  &  Co.’s  cut .  215 

Exploitation  pits  near  J.  Harman’s .  233 

School-house,  or  Mine  Iron  Ore  Bank .  235 

Beitzland  &  Hetrick,  original  lessees  of  Altland  or  Mine 

Bank .  235 

Bank,  range  of  ore  of. .  237 

Albert  Ore  Bank,  (near  Whitestown  or  Idaville,)  leased  by  Duncan 
<fc  Mahon,  Johnston  &  Lyons,  Johnston,  and  Charles  Wharton. . . .  243 

Alto  (Mont) — 

Furnace  and  ore  banks . 257 

Letter  of  Col.  Weistling  concerning .  258 

Preparation  of  stock  for .  259 

Shaking  screen . 259 

Kinds  of  iron  and  their  uses .  259 

Statement  from  blast  book .  261 

Kinds  of  wood  and  uses .  262 

Bloom  forge .  262 

Analyses — 

Henry  Comfort’s  ore .  233 

Altland,  School-house,  or  Mine  Bank  Ore .  .  236 

Thomas  Iron  company,  Mount  Holly  Ore .  241 

Partial,  of  Centre  Mills  Ore .  245 

M.  Good’s  Ore .  248 

Minter  Mine  Ore .  253 

Of  limestones .  307, 308 

Labradorite  of  traps .  310 

Pyroxene  of  trap .  311 

Chloritoid . 313 

Katalysine  spring,  by  Prof.  Mayer .  313 

Table  for  comparing  analyses  of  Prof.  Mayer  and  Dr.  Genth .  314 

Anticlinal — 

Roll,  apparently  north-west  in  clay  slate  of  Pine  Grove  Bank, 

(Thomas  Iron  company.) .  246 

In  edge  of  Mesozoic,  (section  6,) .  267 

Anthracite  as  fuel  for  engine  of  Minter  Mine .  252 

Arendtsville  dyke  of  trap  passes  near .  279 

Asper  (Benjamin) .  242 

Asbestiform  hornblende— Ellicker’s  trial  shaft .  230 


[C.  387.] 


388  C. 


INDEX. 


Page. 


Atticks — former  owner  of  property  of  M’Cormick  &  Co.’s  limonite 

bank .  228 

Baer’s  (G.)  Farm — 

Half  a  mile  from  Maryland  line,  rock  cut  on .  201 

Strata  exposed  in  cut .  202 

Bahn  (Samuel) — lease  of  C.  Bender’s  limonite  bank .  227 

Baish — lease  of  ore  property  with  G.  Heiges .  224 

Bauman’s  iron  ore  bank  (analysis  of  ore) .  203 

Barbehue,  Martin  &  Koppe,  exploitation  pits  around  Gettysburg  ....  263 

Beeler’s  cross-roads,  end  of  Section  6  at .  271 

Bell’s  (Ezra)  Ore  Mine — 

Property  leased  to  MacWilliams .  218 

Hard  limestone  boulders  and  limestone .  267 

Perpendicular  distance  between  limestone  and  that  in  bore  hole 

by  long  cut .  267 

Different  ore  from  that  of  Grove .  318 

Beitzland — Altland  &  Hetrick,  original  lessesof  Altland  or  Mine  Iron 

Ore  bank .  235 

Benade — opened  slate  quarry .  308 

Bender  (Christian) 

Magnetic  Ore  Mine .  226 

Opened  by  Chas.  Bender  in  1849 .  226 

Taylor  &  Co.  and  Ruth  &  Co.  successively  wrought  it .  226 

Ore  shipped  to  furnace  at  Miliersburg,  Perry  county .  226 

Gross,  Levi’s,  statement  regarding  this  mine .  226 

Limonite  bank .  227 

Leased  to  Bahn  &  Stone .  227 

Ore  used  in  M’Cormick  &  Co.’s  furnace . . .  227 

Partnership  of  Hildebrand .  228 

Benner’s  Hill  (near  Gettysburg) — exploitation  pits  on .  263 

Bendersville,  Pine  Grove  road .  246 

Bentz  (Joseph)  — 

Magnetic  ore  on  farm  of. .  234 

Analysis  of  ore  of  .  234 

Berghart’s  (Peter) —ore  pit .  223 

Bermudian  creek— exposure  of  J.  T.  Smith’s  ore  in  bank  of .  239 

Boiling  Springs — section  across  to . ...  278 

Bonnaughtown  (Bonnaughville  or  Bonneauville)— Liver’s  outcrop 

of  copper  ore  near .  264 

Bore  holes  near  M’Cormick  &  Co.’s  Dillsburg  mines— 

No.  1,  record  of. .  215 

No.  3,  record  of. . 215 

No.  4,  record  of. .  216 

No.  5,  record  of. .  ....  216 

Boyer — origina-l  proprietor  of  Thomas  Iron  Co.’s  Papertown  or  Mt. 

Holly  ore  bank .  241 

Brenneman’s  (Jacob) — clay  deposit .  232 

Brown  hematite  (see  limonite)— its  preparation  for  Mont  Alto  fur¬ 
nace  .  259 

Bruch’s  (Widow)  ore  bank .  242 

Cadwalader’s  (David)  ore  pits .  234 


INDEX. 


C.  389 


Page. 

Caledonia  furnace,  near  end  of  Section  10 .  289 

Cannon — 

Exploitation  pits  on  farm  of . . .  230 

Dip  needle  angle  on  farm  of .  230 

Carlisle — turnpike  to .  278 

Cashtown — dyke  of  trap  passes  near .  279 

Castell  (Rufus) — working  Price’s  mine .  219 

Catalogue  of  specimens  of  rocks  and  minerals  collected  during  1875, 

(chapter  XIV)... .  .  332 

Cemetery  Hill — epidote  found  on. .  263 

Centre  Mills  ore  deposit .  245 

Cham  bersburg-Gettysburg  turnpike — poor  in  exposures  of  rock .  206 

Chambers  &  Nixon — analysis  of  Good’s  ore .  248 

Charge — preparation  of,  for  Mont  Alto  furnace .  259 

Chestnut  Grove  furnace — under  Duncan  &  Mahon,  Johnston  &  Ly¬ 
ons,  Johnston  and  Chas.  Wharton .  243 

Chicques’  (or  Chickies)  quartzite .  202 

Chlorite  rock  (Thtiringite) — Willet’s  farm .  201 

Chlorite  slates — 

Ferruginous,  Baer’s  farm .  201 

Compact  fine  grained,  green,  intersected  with  quartz .  202 

Chloritoid — 

Occurrence  of,  at  Centre  Mills .  312 

Analysis  by  Dr.  Gentli .  313 

Clay— 

Barnetz’s  brickyard,  near  Hanover .  203 

Plastic  (Morganthaler’s) .  231 

Yellow  and  white,  Pine  Grove  ore  banks .  246 

Apparent  north-west  dip  in .  246 

Thin  films  of,  on  ore — eftect  in  blast  furnace .  359 

Cleavage — 

Trap  follows  planes  of .  267 

The  plane  of,  noticed  in  Section  6 .  268 

Hypothesis  in  regard  to  origin  of .  .  268 

Planes  in  trap  of  railroad  cut  at  Gettysburg .  299 

Plane  followed  by  traps  near  Dillsburg .  321 

Coincidence  of  strike  of  Underwood  and  Logan  ore  with  that  of  neigh¬ 
boring  rocks .  319 

Cold  blast  furnace .  243 

Cole  (George)  ore  deposit  on  property  of .  249 

Color,  greenish,  of  soft  Dillsburg  ores .  326 

Comfort  (Henry) — 

Exploitation  pit .  233 

Analysis  of  ore  from  ore  bank  of .  233 

Comfort  (Peter) — 

Iron  Ore  Mine  of. .  250. 

Projection  of  ore  of  on  Section  11a .  295 

Conglomerate — 

Calcareous  with  chlorite  schist  fragments .  265 

Ditto,  near  M’Cormick  &  Co.’s  long  cut .  266 

Floe .  271 


390  C. 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Cookson’s  (Franklin) — 

Exploitation  pits .  237 

Dip  needle  angle  on  property  of .  237 

Cooper — 

And  Monosmith’s  trial  shaft . . .  231 

Deflection  of  needle  at  shaft  of .  231 

•‘Copper  stone,”  MacNair’s  farm .  254 

Cresson  (Dr.  Chas.  M.) .  308 

Cross-sections — 

No.  6,  two  conglomerates . . .  265 

Synclinal  near  edge  of  Mesozoic, .  266 

Thickness  of  measures  above  lower .  267 

Trap  in  mass.  Fossil  dip.  Plane  of  cleavage  followed .  268 

Hypothesis  to  account  for  it .  269 

Thickness  of  Mesozoic  series  by  this  section .  270 

Mr.  Heinrich’s  estimate  in  Virginia .  270 

No.  6a,  tabular  statement  of .  272,273 

No.  7 .  274 

Lear’s  limestone  quarry  on.  Resume  of  structure .  275 

Tabular  statement  of .  276, 277 

Description  of  rough  section  across  South  Mountain  from  Peters¬ 
burg .  278 

Probability  of  trap-dyke  cutting  South  Mountain .  279 

No.  8 .  280 

Tabular  statement  of. .  ...  281, 282, 283 

Corroborates  structure  derived  from  other  sections .  284 

Mountain  Creek  group  underlies  Orthofelsite  group .  285 

No.  9 .  285 

Tabular  statement  of .  287,288 

No.  10 .  289 

Tabular  statement  of. .  290, 291 

Computation  of  thickness  of  South  Mountain  rooks  from .  292 

No.  11 .  293 

Tabular  statement  of . 293,294 

R6sum6  of  structure .  295 

No.  lJa .  295 

Scolithus  linearis  near  beginning  of .  295 

Tabular  statement  of .  .  296, 297 

Description  of  railroad  cut  near  Gettysburg .  299 

No.  12 .  299 

Tabular  statement  of .  300, 301, 302 

Resume  of  structure  derived  from .  303,304 

Culp’s  Hill,  coarse-grained  dolerite  in .  263 

Cumberland  Valley  railroad.  Branch  to  Dillsburg .  236 

Dallhammer .  242 

Davis  (John) .  255 

Decomposition  of  magnetic  oxide  of  iron  to  other  oxides .  331 

Difficulties  in  the  way  of  hypotheses  of  faults  to  explain  Dillsburg 

ore  deposit .  328 

Dillsburg  group  of  iron  ore  mines .  207 

Ore  stratified .  244 

General  geology  of .  318 


INDEX. 


C.  391 

Page. 


Dip- 

Apparent  north-west,  in  clay  of  Pine  Grove  bank. . . .  246 

Fossil .  268 

Of  trap  in  Dillsburg  group,  calculated  from  various  data .  324 

Dip  needle — 

In  G.  Heiges’  bank .  224 

In  Lichte’s  bank .  229 

Cannon’s  farm .  230 

Myers,  P.  A.’s  pits .  230 

J.  Harman’s  farm .  232 

F.  Cookson’s  farm .  237 

Dirt — its  effect  upon  the  product  of  an  iron  furnace .  259 

Discussion  of  trap  dykes  of  the  Dillsburg  region .  321 

Displacement  line  of .  289 

Dolerite — 

Henry  Comfort’s  farm .  233 

In  Altland  Bank .  233 

Boulders  of,  in  South  Mountain .  279 

In  It.  It.  cut  at  Gettysburg .  299 

Drownson  slope  sunk  on  J.  T.  Smith’s  farm .  238 

Duncan  &  Mahon  built  Chestnut  Grove  furnace .  243 

Duncan  &  Matthew  opened  Bruch’s  ore  bank .  242 

Dykes — 

Of  trap  near  Bruch’s  ore  bank .  242 

Of  trap  crossing  South  Mountain .  279 

Numerous  between  Cashtown  and  Gettysburg .  295 

Eagle  &  Schultz,  lessees  of  Grove’s  bank .  219 

Edwards,  (J.  W.  Aid,)  report  on  King’s  mine .  312 

Elicker — 

Trial  shaft.  Asbestiform  hornblende .  230 

Micaceous  iron  ore  in  mine  of.  Trap  in .  230 

Expansion  of  beds  of  trap  underground .  322 

Examination  microscopical  ot  rocks .  309 

Exploitation  pits  and  shafts — 

In  Mesozoic  series  north  of  line  from  Dillsburg  to  Wellsville. . . .  229 

Cannon’s  farm .  230 

Myers,  P.  A.,  Flicker’s,  Kimmel’s .  230 

Cooper’s,  Monosmith’s,  Morganthaler’s,  Wylie’s .  231 

Brenneman,  Jacob’s  clay,  Grie.st,  James’  clay  beds .  232 

Harman,  J.’s.. .  232 

Burd’s,  Gerber  J.’s,  Altland,  D.  G.’s,  Comfort,  H.’s .  233 

Cadwalader,  D ’s,  Bentz.  Jacob’s .  234 

Marshall,  J.’s,  Sluthower,  John’s .  234 

Mine  or  Altland  Bank .  235 

Cookson’s  F.’s .  237 

Smith  W.  R.,  Smith  J.  T.’s .  238 

Bruch  Widow’s .  242 

Albert  ore  opening .  248 

Centre  Mills .  248 

Pine  Grove .  246 

Wolf  Samuel’s,  Good  Michael’s .  247 

Howell  G.  M.’s,  Cole  G.’s . 249 


392  C. 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Exploitation  pits  and  shafs — 

Pond  Bank,  Comfort  Peter’s .  250 

Minter  Adam’s .  251 

MacNair’s .  254 

Krise  G.’s .  255 

Mont  Alto .  257 

Around  Gettysburg,  Benner’s  Hill .  263 

For  copper  in  Mesozoic  sandstone .  263 

Fault- 

Line  of  .  289 

Use  in  explaining  structure  of  Dillsburg  region .  328 

Feldspar  of  trap  in  M.  Porter’s  farm .  222 

Fickle's  rough  section  across  South  Mountain  ( — ) .  278 

Filler  ore  pit .  222 

Findlay  of  Pine  Grove  furnace .  249 

Float  ore  in  P.  Comfort’s  mine .  251 

Ford,  (chemist,  2d  G.  S.)  — 

Analysis  of  Griest’sclay .  232 

Of  Minter  mine  ore .  253 

Fossil — 

Nuts  and  wood  of  deciduous  trees .  250 

Dip .  268 

Franklin  furnace  owned  by  Hunter  &  Spring .  248 

Frazer  (P.,  Jr.')  analysis  of  limestones . .  307 

Fuller  Mine,  property  belonged  to  Kneisley,  P.,  leased  afterwards 
to  Sheeley  H.,  description  and  economical  statistics,  of  ore  strongly 

magnetic .  220 

Furnace — 

Chestnut  Grove  (cold  blast) .  243 

Franklin,  eleven  miles  west  of  Chambersburg .  248 

Geist  &  Krauft  opened  Medler  &  Saylor’s  ore  bank .  240 

Geology  of  District— notes  on,  Chapter  XIII .  317 

Resistance  of  traps  to  weather .  317 

Indurated  mud  rock,  Grove  &  Bell  slopes,  in  different  ore .  318 

Underwood’s  slope  and  Logan’s  shaft  probably  in  same  ore .  319 

Strike  of  Underwood-Logan  ore,  ore  of  old  working  proved  for 

260  feet,  trap  in  long  cut .  319 

Discussion  of  records  of  bore  hole .  31 9 

Dillsburg  mine  separated  by  trap .  325 

Geometrical  establishment  of  the  identity  of  the  trap  found  in  the 

bore  holes  near  the  Dillsburg  mines .  221 

Genth  (Dr.  F.  A.)— 

Opinion  of  Centre  Mills  ore .  245 

Partial  analysis  of  pig  from  same .  246 

Labradorite  from  trap  near  Gettysburg . .  310 

Pyroxene  from  trap  near  Gettysburg . 311 

Chloritoid  from  Centre  Mills .  3J3 

Katalysine  Spring  of  Gettysburg . "’’***’  313  314 

Gettysburg  Lithia  (Stremmel)  Spring . . ’  ’  ’315 

General  n<  tes  on  geology  of  district,  Chap.  XIII  (see  Geology)  ...*!!.*  317 

Gerber’s  (J.)  exploitation  pits .  "  233 

Good’s  (Michael)  o~e  bank .  .  .  ,>47 


INDEX. 


0.  393 


Page. 

Gravity,  Specific— determination  of  objects  for  commercial  uses .  307 

Granite,  Syenitic — 

Harman’s  farm .  232 

Magnetite  in .  232 

Greenish  color  of  the  soft  Dillsburg  ore,  origin  of .  32G 

Greenwood — starting  point  of  Section  10 .  289 

Greist  (Solomon) — trap  on  property  of. .  237 

Greist  (Jacob)— Clay  beds,  analysis  of ;  value  of  tire  clay .  232 

Gross  (Levi) — statement  regarding  Bender’s  ore .  226 

Grove’s  (Jos.  L.)  bank .  219 

Anticlinal  north-west  of . 207 

Different  ore  from  that  of  Bell .  318 

Guilford  township,  Franklin  county .  250 

Hanover  range  of  ores .  203 

Hardwick  steam  pump,  Altland  mine .  236 

Harman’s  (J.)  exploitation  pits .  232 

Syenitic  granite  in  place .  233 

Deflection  of  dip  needle.  Workings  by  D.  G.  Altland .  233 

Heinrich  (Oswald  J.) — observations  on  thickness  of  Mesozoic  in  Vir¬ 
ginia . 270 

Heiges’  (Henry)  ore  pit . . .  223 

Heiges’  (Abraham)  ore  pit .  223 

Heiges’  (George)  ore  workings — 

Dip  needle  deflection  at  mine  of.  Pre-Silurian  rocks  in  mine,  224 

Change  of  character  of  soil  near  mine  .  224 

Heikes  (Jacob) — shaft,  Porter’s  statement  of .  222 

Hematite,  brown  (see  Limonite) .  259 

Treatment  at  Mont  Alto  in  preparation  for  charge .  259 

Hess — tunnel  through  to  J.  T.  Smith’s  property .  238 

Hetrick,  Altland  &  Beitland,  original  lessees  of  Altland  ore  bank ....  235 

Hildebrand — 

Leases  S.  Heiges’  ore  mine .  224 

Becomes  partner  in  Bender’s  limonite  bank .  227 

Hofacker — mine  south-west  corner  of  "Xork  county .  308 

Hollentush — analyst  of  Hanover  water .  316 

Hornblende — asbestiform  in  Elicker’s  trial  shaft .  230 

Howell’s  (G.  M.)  ore  opening .  249 

Hunt,  (Dr.  T.  Sterry) — on  Cornwall  mine .  326 

Hunter  &  Spring,  owners  of  Franklin  furnace .  248 

Huronian  schisis .  226 

Hurtz  (H.)  lease  of  Kuntz’s  paint  quarry .  225 

Hydrous  oxides  of  iron .  229 

Hydroxidation  of  magnetic  oxide .  331 

Idaville  (  Whitestown) . 242 

Chestnut  Grove  furnace .  243 

Albert  ore  bank .  243 

Iron  Ore.  (See  Limonite.) 

Micaceous  Altland  bank . . 236 

Banks  on  north-west  slope  of  the  South  Mountain .  240 

Washing  of,  at  Mont  Alto .  259 

Johnston  &  Lyons,  owners  of  Chestnut  Grove  furnace .  243 

26— C. 

% 

I 


394  C. 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Jenkins  (boss  of  Minter  mine) .  252 

Katalysine  Spring .  313 

Kimmel’s  farm,  float  and  micaceous  ore  in .  230 

King  (D.  A.,  mining  engineer,) — 

Letters  of,  on  new  Diilsburg  mine .  212 

Report  of  trap  in  Smyser’s  open  cut .  218 

Minter  Mine .  252 

Ore  mine  of,  section  of  shaft  at,  pyrite  in .  212 

Kirkslager,  former  lessee  of  Thomas  Iron  Co.’s  Mount  Holly  bank. .  241 

Kline  farm,  owned  by  Strayer,  prospects  of  ore .  230 

Kneisley  (P.)  owned  property  on  which  is  Landis  or  Fuller  bank. . .  220 

Koppe,  Barbehue  &  Martin,  exploitation  pits  near  Gettysburg .  263 

Ivraber  (Henry  C.)  opened  Lichte’s  bank .  229 

Krauft  &  Geist  opened  Medler  &  Saylor  bank .  240 

Kunkle’s  (G.)  property .  201 

Kuntzs’  (J.)  limestone  quarry,  resembles  “Potomac  Marble,”  lime 
as  fertilizer,  subterranean  cave  in  “Paint”  Mine,  opened  by  H. 

Hurtz,  Huroman  schists  in .  225 

Landis’  Ore  Bank — 

Property  belonged  to  Kneisley,  P.,  leased  afterwards  to  Sheeley, 

H.,  description  and  economical  statistics  of,  ore  strongly  mag¬ 
netic .  220 

Lehman  (A.  E.,  aid  of  party  C,)  noticed  outcrops  of  ore  by  M.  Wy¬ 
lie’s  house .  231 

Lemer’s  (John)  ore  pit .  225 

Lere w ’s  store . .  278 

Lesley,  (J.  P.)  opinion  of  Cornwall  ore  deposit .  326 

Letcher,  (Mr.)  statement  as  to  Derrick  shaft  of  Underwood  Mine. . .  210 

Level  line  from  York  to  Diilsburg .  205 

Lichte,  Lighty  or  Lichty  (Jacob) — 

Dolerite  in  mine  of .  229 

Dip  needle  deflection .  229 

Lignite  from  Pond  Bank .  250 

Limonite  (see  description  of  banks,  etc.) — 

Testaceous .  228 

In  Thomas  Iron  Co.’s  limestone  quarries .  247 

Washing  of,  at  Mont  Alto .  259 

Limestone — 

Robert’s  farm,  near  Hanover .  204 

Hard  boulders  in  E.  Bell’s  mine .  218 

From  Kuntz’s  quarry,  as  fertilizer .  225 

Quarries,  Pine  Grove  furnace. .  247 

Lear’s  quarry .  275 

Auroral,  in  Pine  Grove  quarry .  284 

Of  the  earliest  geological  ages .  305 

Heterogeneous  character  of,  in  Cumberland  and  York  Valleys. .  305 

Selection  of  various  kinds  for  analysis .  307 

Analysis  of,  from  Creitz  Creek,  Pine  Grove,  (upper  and  lower 
benches,  and  buff-colored  intermediate  layer,)  Detweil-er’s 
quarry  north  and  Detweiler’s  quarry  south  of  Wrightsville 
by  P.  Frazer,  Jr . . .  306, 307 


INDEX.  C.  395 


Page. 

Limestone — 

Corroborative  determination  of  lime  and  magnesia  in,  by  D. 

M’Creath . . .  307 

Analyses  of  Mesozoic,  Allison’s  Mill,  Mont  Alto,  Seitzland  Sta¬ 
tion,  N.  C.  R.  R.,  by  A.  S.  M’Creath .  308 

Littlestown,  examination  of  properties  south  of .  201 

Livers  (J.  L.,)  copper  ore  upon  his  farm  near  Bonnaughtown .  264 

Localities  where  specular  ore  was  found  coating  rocks .  328,329 

Logan’s  shaft,  description  and  statistics  of. .  210 

Lump  ore,  M.  Good’s  mine .  248 

Lyons  &  Johnston,  owners  of  Chestnut  Grove  furnace .  243 

MacNair  (Major  H.  S.,)  ore  opening  on  farm  of.  Coarse-grained  dol- 

erite.  “Copper  Rock.” .  254 

Magnetic  dirt  on  S.  Meyer’s  farm  south  of  Littlestown .  221 

Magnetite — 

In  Syenitic  Granite,  J.  Harman’s  farm .  232 

On  F.  Cookson’s  farm .  237 

With  micaceous  iron  ore  on  W.  R.  Smith’s  farm .  238 

Derivation  of  from  trap .  326 

Mahon  &  Duncan  built  Chestnut  Grove  furnace . . .  243 

“  Marble  Potomac” — 

In  Shelle3'-’s  ore  bank .  222 

In  Kuntz’s  quarry .  225 

At  commencement  of  section  6. .  265 

Marietta,  Smyser’s  (Dillsburg)  ore  shipped  to . .  217 

Marshall’s  (J.)  exploitation  pits .  234 

Marsh’s  (S.)  magnetic  ore.  Analysis  of .  237 

Martin,  Barbahue  &  Koppe  exploitation  pits  near  Gettysburg .  263 

Maryland  line  examinations  of  properties  south  of  Littlestown  and 

near .  201 

Matthew  &  Duncan  opened  Brush  ore  bank .  242 

Mayer  (Prof.  A.  M.,)  analysis  of  Katalysine  Spring .  313 

M’Cormick  &  Co.,  lease  of  Mumper  mine .  210 

Old  opening,  long  cut  and  slope . . .  214 

Limonite  bank.  Lessees  of  Altland  ore  bank .  235 

M’Creath’s  (David)  analyses — 

Of  limonitesof  Mickley&  Baumann  banks .  203 

Of  Bender’s  magnetic  ore .  227 

Of  H.  Comfort’s  ore .  233 

Of  J.  Bentz’s  ore .  234 

Of  Altland  bank  ore .  236 

Of  F.  Cookson’s  ore .  237 

Of  Ore  of  Thomas  Iron  Co.’s  Mt.  Holly  bank . 241 

Of  M.  Good  s  ore .  248 

Determination  of  lime  and  magnesia  in  six  limestones .  308 

M’Knightstown .  255 

MacW  illiams — 

Lease  of  ore  property  from  E.  Bell .  218 

Slope.  Limestone  in.  Perpendicular  distance  limestone  and 

that  in  bore  hole  near  long  cut .  267 

Medler  &  Saylor  ore  bank  near  Papertown.  Mount  Holly  Springs. .  246 

“  Mesas,”  their  former  existence  over  parts  of  the  Mesozoic  series.. .  298 


39(5  C. 


INDEX 


Page. 

Mesozoic  Sandstone — 

Its  thickness .  303 

Questions  to  be  solved  by  experimental  bore  holes .  303,304 

Meyers  (P.  A.,)  exploitation  shafts.  Dip  needle  deflection .  230 

Micaceous  Iron  Ore — 

Elicker’s  trial  shafts .  230 

Kimmel’s  farm .  230 

Altland  mine .  236 

W.  R.  Smith,  J.  T.  Smith .  231 

On  Orthofelslte  and  Milk  Quartz .  249 

Mickley’s  Iron  Ore  Bank — analysis  of  ore  from .  203 

Microscopical  Examination  of  Rocks .  309 

Miller  (P.  J.,)  opened  Shelley’s  mine . . .  222 

Mineral  Waters — 

Mode  of  occurrence .  313 

Analyses  of  Ratal ysine  by  Prof.  Mayer  and  Dr.  Genth  compared,  314 

Interesting  questions  regarding  their  temperature .  314 

Gettysburg  Lithia  (Stremmel)  Spring.  Analyses  by  Prof.  Olds- 

berg  and  Dr.  Genth  compared .  314 

New  analysis  of  Lithia  (Stremmel)  Spring  by  Dr.  Genth .  316 

Mine — School  house  or  Ashland, ore  bank .  235 

Range  of  its  ore .  237 

Minter’s  (Adam)  ore  mine  and  beds  irregular .  251 

Description  of  workings .  252 

Projection  of  ore  on  Section  11a .  295 

Monosmith  &  Cooper — 

Trial  shaft  sunk  by .  231 

Deflection  of  needle  at  shaft . 231 

Mont  Alto — 

Furnace  and  ore  banks .  257 

Letter  of  Col.  Wiestling  concerning  analysis  of  ore.  Preparation 

of  stock . 258 

Shaking  screens .  258 

Kinds  of  iron  and  their  uses .  259 

Statement  from  blast  book .  261 

Woods.  Bloom  forge .  262 

Morganthaler  (Morgenthaler)— Trial  shaft.  Lease  of  Cooper  <fc  Mono¬ 
smith.  Plastic  clay .  231 

Mountain  Creek  Rock  (quartzose  schist  and  quartz  conglomerate 

schist) .  284 

Mount  Holly — 

Ore  banks .  240 

Sub-Section  7 . 274 

Mud  rock— 

Underneath  bluish .  299 

Resistance  to  weather .  318 

Mullin  (Superintendent  Paper  Co.  of  Papertown.) .  240 

Mumper’s  (Abraham)  opening,  made  in  1862 .  210 

Purchased  property  of  Smyser .  217 

Mussel  man  (Henry)  of  Marietta— opening  Smyser’s  ore  bank  near 

Dillsburg .  .  217 


INDEX. 


C.  397 


Page. 

Myers  (James)  opened  ore  bank  now  called  Smyser’s .  217 

Needle  dip— 

In  G.  Heiges’  bank . 224 

In  Lichte’s  bank .  229 

Cannon’s  farm,  Meyers,  P.  A., Cooper .  230 

Monosmith’s  trial  shaft .  231 

J.  Harman’s  pits . 232 

F.  Cookson’s  farm .  237 

Nickey’s  (Abraham)  shaft .  239 

Nixon  &  Chamber’s  analysis  of  Good’s  ore .  248 

N  on-con  formability — 

Between  Huronian  schists  and  Potsdam  sandstone .  279 

Norway  iron . 260 

Old  Pit,  near  Underwood’s  slope .  214 

Old  working — 

Near  Underwood’s  mine .  213 

Ore  in,  proved  for  260  feet .  319 

Ore,  Iron  (See  Limonite  and  Brown  Hematite.) 

Penetrating  trap  in  Altland’s  bank .  236 

Banks  on  north-west  slope  of  South  Mountain .  240 

Lump,  of  M.  Good .  248 

Float,  P.  Comfort’s  mine .  251 

Orthofelsite — 

Micaceous  ore  in .  249 

Group  overlies  Mountain  Creek  Rock  group .  285 

Outcrop — 

Of  ore  in  old  workings  nea**  Dillsburg . . .  325 

Of  Logan  ore  not  seen  to  connect  with  Underwood’s .  325 

Oxides — 

Of  iron  hydrous  (see  Limonite  and  Brown  Hematite) .  229 

Red,  anhydrous  (see  Micaceous  and  Specular) .  241 

Papertown .  240 

On  Section  6<x .  274 

Parfit,  (Thomas.)  mining  boss  for  M’Cormick &Co .  211 

On  section  of  strata  at  Logan’s  shaft .  211 

Phil  Inman’s  run,  near  Scotland .  289 

Pine  Grove  ore  banks,  limestone  quarries  and  furnaces .  246 

Pit,  old,  near  Underwood’s  slope .  214 

Pits,  exploitation  (see  Exploitation.) 

Pond  bank .  250 

Porter  (Ex-Governor)  ore  bank  near  Dillsburg .  221 

Porter  (Matthew)  trial  shaft  and  felspathic  trap  on  farm .  222 

“  Potomac  Marble” — 

In  Shelley’s  ore  mine .  222 

Kuntz’s  quarry .  225 

Commencement  of  Section  6 .  265 

Pre-Silurian  rocks  in  G.  Heiges’  ore  bank .  224 

Price’s  (Abraham)  Mine .  219 

Dip  of  needle  near .  220 

Bought  Ex-Gov.  Porter’s  Mine .  221 

Pseudomorphs.  Casts  in  chlorite  slates,  genesis  of . . .  202 


398  C. 


INDEX, 


Page. 

Pump,  steam — 

Used  in  Altland  Mine .  236 

Used  in  Good’s  bank .  246 

Smedley,  in  Minter  Mine .  252 

Pyrite — 

In  chlorite .  202 

In  ore  of  King’s  Mine . — .  212 

In  Pond  Bank  ore. .. .  . . * .  250 

Quartz.  Milk .  249 

Veins  intersecting  schists .  .  276 

Quartzite — 

In  cut  on  Baer’s  farm .  202 

In  Pond  Bank .  250 

“Jaspery’’ .  278 

Interstratitied  with  schists .  278 

Range  of  Altland  Bank  ore .  237 

Red  oxide  of  iron  (see  micaceous  ore) .  241 

R6sum6 — 

Of  the  conditions  under  which  Dillsburg  ore  appears .  326 

Of  phenomena  corroborating  hypothesis  of  structure  of  Dills¬ 
burg  ores . .  327 

Resemblance  between  trap  of  Underwood,  Logan  and  Long  Cut 

Mines  near  Dillsburg .  326 

Reynold’s  Tavern .  249 

Rhodes.. .  254 

Robert’s  farm,  limestone  in .  204 

Rocks,  description  of,  Chapter  XII .  305 

Rogers’  (H.  D.)  structure  of  strata  of  South  Mountain .  275 

Railroad  cut  at  Gettysburg .  .  298 

Roofing  slates .  308 

Round  Top,  Gettysburg,  Adams  county .  263 

Round  Top,  Warrington  township,  York  county .  268 

Sandstone,  flaky .  250 

Greenish-gray.  Cause  of  color.  No  regularity  of  the  series  es¬ 
tablished .  270 

Whitish-gray .  .  219 

Mesozoic .  303 

Taylor  &  Medler  bank .  240 

School-house,  Altland  or  Mine  Ore  Bank .  235 

Range  of  ore  of .  237 

Schists.  Huronian  and  Sandy .  225 

Orthofelsite .  278 

Schultz  &  Eagle,  lessees  of  Grove’s  Bank .  219 

Scolithus  linearis  near  Cashtown .  295 

Scotch  pig .  260 

Sections  (see  cross-sections) .  265,  etc. 

Segregation .  228 

Seidel  (Henry) .  212 

Shale — 

Sandy,  one  mile  south-east  of  Altland  Bank .  237 

Grayish . .  249 

Bluish  and  greenish .  268 


INDEX. 


C.  890 


Page. 

Sheeley,  (H.,)  leased  property  on  which  is  Landis  or  Fuller  bank. . .  220 

Shelley.  Ore  mine  opened  by  P.  J.  Miller.  Potomac  marble  and 

trap  in .  222 

Sluthower,  exploitation  shaft .  234 

Smedley  pump  in  Minter  Mine .  252 

Smith’s  (Jacob  T.)  exploitation  works .  238 

Smith's  (W.  R.)  pits  and  iron  ore  on  farm  of. .  238 

Smyser’s  open  cut,  one  mile  east  of  Dillsburg .  217 

Trap  occurring  in .  218 

Statement  of  operations  of  party  “  C  ”  during  1875 . . .  205 

Steel  ore,  Willet’s  farm . .  . .  201 

Stock,  preparation  of,  at  Mont  Alto  furnace .  259 

Strayer  farm,  formerly  Kline,  prospect  of  ore .  230 

Stremmel  owner  of  farm  on  which  is  the  Lithia  Spring .  315 

Strike  of  Underwood  Logan  ore .  319 

South  Mountain  R.  R .  246 

Specular  Iron  Oxide,  (see  Micaceous  ore) — coating  Mesozoic  Rocks 

some  localities  where  found .  328 

Specific  Gravity,  determination  of  objects  for  commercial  uses .  307 

Spring  &  Hunter,  owners  of  Franklin  Furnace .  248 

Steam  Pump  used  in  Altland  Mine .  236 

“ Steel  Native  (?)”  Willet’s  farm,  south  of  Littlestown .  201 

Steward  (Benj.)  opened  Cole’s  ore,  Catholic  Valley .  249 

Sulphide  of  Iron  present  in  limestone  of  Detweiler’s  quarry .  308 

Swedish  Iron .  260 

Syenitic  Granite,  J.  Harman’s  farm,  magnetite  in .  232 

Synclinal — 

Basins  in  the  Mesozoic  series .  274 

Near  Papertown.  Sub-section  6  a .  274 

Testaceous  limonite .  228,241,254 

Thuringite,  Willet’s  farm .  201 

Trap — 

In  the  Underwood  Mine .  208 

In  M’Cormick  &  Co.’s  long  cut .  215 

In  Smyser’s  (Dillsburg)  open  cut .  218 

In  Shelley’s  ore  mine .  222 

Felspathic  on  Porter’s  farm .  222 

In  Flicker’s  trial  shaft .  230 

Purplish  over  part  of  M.  Wylie’s  property .  231 

Syenitic  Granite  on  J.  Harman’s  farm .  232 

Dolerite  on  Henry  Comfort’s  farm .  233 

In  Altland  Ore  Bank .  235  236 

On  Solomon  Griest’s  property .  237 

Dyke  near  Bruch’s  ore  bank .  242 

Greenish.  MacNair’s  farm .  254 

Large  mass  east  of  Price’s  bank .  267 

Fossil  dip  in. . . .  268 

Numerous  ridges  of,  between  Cashtown  and  Gettysburg .  298 

Table  of  comparison  between  the  theoretical  and  actual  constitu¬ 
tion  of  some  constituents  of .  310 

Curious  wreathering  in  coarse-grained  dolerite .  311 


400  C. 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Trap — 

Intersection  by  vein  of  quartz.  Alteration  of  sandstone  to 

coarse  grained  dolerite .  312 

Resistance  to  weather .  318 

Wall  of,  in  Long  Cut . .  320 

Dykes  cut  in  bore  holes,  1,  3  and  4 .  321 

The  great  plate  of,  dividing  the  Dillsburg  Mines .  325 

Influence  of,  in  protecting  soft  ore . . .  326, 327 

Theological  Seminary .  313 

Thomas  Iron  Company — 

Bank  near  Papertown,  (Mount  Holly  Bank,) .  241 

Pine  Grove  Bank .  245 

Limestone  quarries .  247 

Underwood  (John,)  — 

Statement  of  section  at  new  opening .  210 

Leases  G.  Heiges’  ore  mine .  224 

Worked  H.  Comfort’s  ore .  233 

Underwood  Mine .  207 

Description  of  workings  in,  etc .  208 

New  opening .  209 

Variations  in  observed  thickness  of  a  trap  dyke .  325 

Water — 

Excess  of,  in  Albert  ore  bank .  244 

Mineral,  (see  “Mineral”  and  “Analyses.”) 

Waterman  <fc  Co.,  owners  of  Mont  Alto  furnace .  257 

Weaver .  249 

Weigel  (Abraham,)  leases  G.  Heiges’  ore  mine .  223 

Wellsville,  interesting  plane  of  cleavage  beginning  at .  268 

Wharton  (Charles)  owner  of  Chestnut  Grove  furnace .  245 

White,  Ross  &  Flemman .  255 

Whitestown,  (or  Idaville,)  Smyser’s  (Dillsburg)  ore  shipped  to....  217 

Chestnut  Grove  furnace  at .  243 

Albert  ore  bank  at .  243 

Dyke  of  trap  passes  near .  279 

Wiestling  (Col.  Geo.  B. ) 

Director  of  Mont  Alto  furnace .  257 

Mode  of  exploitation  of .  257 

Preparation  of  stock.  Shaking  screen .  261 

Statement  from  blast  book . * .  261 

Different  kinds  of  wood.  Bloom  forge .  262 

Willet’s  farm,  south  of  Littlestown .  201 

Wiley  (Michael)— Ore  outcrop.  Magnetic  and  lump  ore. .  231 

Wrightsville — 

Chlorite  slates  and  quartzite  near .  202 

Iron  Co.  lessees  of  Underwood  mine .  207 

Wrought  bank  near  Dillsburg .  319 

Wolfs  (Samuel)  exploitation  pits .  247 

Working, (  old,)  near  Underwood  mine .  213 

Yellow  Breeches  creek — 

Close  by  Fuller  or  Landis  mine .  220 

Approximately  dividing  formations .  221 


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